1,721,830 research outputs found
An Examination of How Women and Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Minorities Experience Barriers in Biomedical Research and Medical Programs
No full textWomen in medicine and biomedical research often face challenges to their retention, promotion, and advancement to leadership positions (McPhillips et al., 2007); they take longer to advance their careers, tend to serve at less research‐intensive institutions and have shorter tenures compared to their male colleagues (White, McDade, Yamagata, & Morahan, 2012). Additionally, Blacks and Hispanics are the two largest minority groups that are vastly underrepresented in medicine and biomedical research in the United States (AAMC, 2012; NSF, 2011). The purpose of this study is to examine specific barriers reported by students and post‐degree professionals in the field through the following questions:
1. How do women who are either currently enrolled or graduated from biomedical research or medical programs define and make meaning of gender‐roles as academic barriers?
2. How do underrepresented groups in medical schools and biomedical research institutions define and make meaning of the academic barriers they face and the challenges these barriers pose to their success in the program?
These questions were qualitatively analyzed using 146 interviews from Project TrEMUR applying grounded theory. Reported gender‐role barriers were explained using the “Condition‐Process‐Outcome” theoretical framework. About one‐third of the females (across all three programs; majority White or Black between 25‐35 years of age) reported gender‐role barriers, mostly due to poor mentoring, time constraints, set expectations and institutional barriers. Certain barriers act as conditions, causing gender‐role issues, and gender‐role issues influence certain barriers that act as outcomes. Strategies to overcome barriers included interventions mostly at the institutional level (mentor support, proper specialty selection, selecting academia over medicine).
Barrier analysis for the two largest URM groups indicated that, while Blacks most frequently reported racism, gender barriers, mentoring, and personal barriers, Hispanics most frequently reported economic barriers, language barriers, institutional and workplace environment barriers, and gender‐role barriers. Examining barriers using the “Individual‐Institutional” theoretical framework indicated that barriers do not occur in isolation, but due to an interaction between the individual and its institution. Additionally, the barriers of the two groups are qualitatively different and the “one size fits all” approach may not be suitable for interventions
An Examination of How Women and Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Minorities Experience Barriers on Biomedical Research and Medical Programs
No full textBuckling behavior of nanobeams placed in electromagnetic field using shifted Chebyshev polynomials-based Rayleigh-Ritz method
No full textIn the present investigation, the buckling behavior of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam, which is placed in an electro-magnetic field, is investigated in the framework of Eringen’s nonlocal theory. Critical buckling load for all the classical boundary conditions such as “Pined-Pined (P-P), Clamped-Pined (C-P), Clamped-Clamped (C-C), and Clamped-Free (C-F)" are obtained using shifted Chebyshev polynomials-based Rayleigh-Ritz method. The main advantage of the shifted Chebyshev polynomials is that it does not make the system ill-conditioning with the higher number of terms in the approximation due to the orthogonality of the functions. Validation and convergence studies of the model have been carried out for different cases. Also, a closed-form solution has been obtained for the “Pined-Pined (P-P)" boundary condition using Navier’s technique, and the numerical results obtained for the “Pined-Pined (P-P)" boundary condition are validated with a closed-form solution. Further, the effects of various scaling parameters on the critical buckling load have been explored, and new results are presented as Figures and Tables. Finally, buckling mode shapes are also plotted to show the sensitiveness of the critical buckling load
Vibration characteristics of nanobeam with exponentially varying flexural rigidity resting on linearly varying elastic foundation using differential quadrature method
No full textThe target of the present research is to analyze the free vibration of non-uniform nanobeam resting on variable Winkler elastic foundation using the differential quadrature method. Non-uniformity in nanobeam is taken along the flexural rigidity, and the nanobeam is modeled with linearly varying Winkler elastic foundation. Eringen's nonlocal theory is employed in Euler-Bernoulli beam theory for different scaling parameters concerning the boundary conditions are explored. In order to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method, the convergence study is carried out, and the obtained results are validated with known results in particular cases showing excellent agreement. Further, the sensitivity analysis of frequency parameters is carried out to examine the response of various scaling parameters
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dynamical behavior of nanobeam embedded in constant, linear, parabolic, and sinusoidal types of Winkler elastic foundation using first-Order nonlocal strain gradient model
No full textIn this research, the differential quadrature method is employed to investigate the nonlocal vibration of nanobeam resting on various types of Winkler elastic foundations such as constant, linear, parabolic, and sinusoidal types. The nanobeam is modeled with Winkler elastic foundation considering the elastic coefficient varying along the axis of the nanobeam. Within the framework of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, first order strain gradient model is incorporated to compute the frequency parameters for Hinged-Hinged (H-H) and Clamped-Hinged (C-H) boundary conditions. A convergence study is also performed to demonstrate the efficiency, adequacy, and reliability of the method. Further, the results are compared with available data of previously published research in special cases showing robust agreement. Likewise, the effects of the nonlocal parameter, strain gradient parameter, non-uniform parameters, and Winkler modulus parameter on the frequency parameters are studied comprehensively
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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