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Another Front, Another War
No full textThis chapter marks the gendered division of memoirs and testimonies that have been attempted in this book. This is based on the assumption that women and men experienced the war differently and found themselves in different situations and roles. When they become the author of their own stories, the gendered nature of war itself becomes clear. While memoirs are written by middle class women, testimonials are more diverse. This chapter also studies in detail the work done on victims of wartime rape (birangonas), custodial torture, and sexual violence in Bangladesh. Worls of authors such as Jahanara Imam and Guhathakurta are examined. While certain aspects are problematized, the chapter ends with the testimony of Firdausi Priyobhashini taken and translated by the author herself, pointing towards what is meant when one talks of the unfinished and unquiet commemorations of 1971.</p
‘Strange Meeting’
No full textThe final chapter juxtaposes fiction from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. The war crimes tribunal and the post-war histories of Pakistan and Bangladesh raise questions of justice and impunity. The attempt here is to listen to the stories and what they tell us about the possibility of recognizing of each other’s wounds and suffering. While only one work by an Indian author is discussed, it points to the transnational stake in the memories of 1971. While one of the objectives of this work was to take stock of the war literature of Bangladesh, it is clear that any politics that addresses open injuries of history cannot be constructed without recognizing the entangled nature of our pasts—1947 and 1971 to name only two—and the future. This chapter also tries to make a division of chapters on the basis of genre arguing that the method was defined by the material and not the other way round. Works by Tahmima Anam, O.V. Vijayan, Intizar Husain, Yasmin Saikia and others are analysed.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Between ‘Pakistan’ and ‘Bangladesh’
No full textThis chapter shifts to the memories of war in the testimonies of men involving non-combatants, guerrillas, and military accounts. While the focus is on Bangladeshi accounts of the war, there is a section where Pakistani and Indian military accounts are referred to, the former in greater detail. There is also a section on victims of violence. The memoirs by both combatant and non-combatants seek to intertwine the man with the moment of history, as if it is in the act of narration of their experiences that the nation is taking shape. These are nationalist memoirs, much like those by women, but in their emphasis and testimony, different. Here again, the attempt is to tease out the inassimilable traces of war, gender, and representation. The difference in the memories of combatant men across national boundaries is also illustrated as one of the compulsions of war and failure of humanity. Works of authors such as Nirmalendu Goon and Kader Siddiqui are examined in detail.</p
The Aesthetic of Freedom
No full textThis chapter marks a division of genre as we move from memoirs and testimonies to fiction. While most of the works under consideration are post-war stories, fiction written during the war without knowledge of the aftermath are also discussed. Both nationalist fiction and those critical of war and its aftermath sensitize us to what is at stake in remembering the foundational moment of Bangladesh. In their gaps and fissures lie the uncertain maps of the paths yet to be charted. Ranging from fiction that casts the suffering mother of a guerrilla and a martyr as a part of nationalistic lore to the victim of wartime rape running for cover in post-war Bangladesh, to the fear and anxieties of minorities after the war, authors articulate the narratives and tongues buried at the sites of national mythmaking. Works by authors such as Anwar Pasha and Selina Hossain are discussed.</p
Introduction
No full textEven with the birth of Pakistan after the Partition of 1947 cultural cohesion remained in an infantile stage. National self-defence became the obsession of the ruling establishment and there was a move towards administrative consolidation. Thus it is no surprise that the first general elections in Pakistan were held only in 1970. The Awami League of East Pakistan received an overwhelming verdict in the east and staked a claim to rule Pakistan. However, Yahya Khan’s government ordered a military crackdown on 25 March 1971 in East Pakistan. This work will revisit the war and pose questions about its place in memory and history. To understand the implications of the genocidal military crackdown by the army and the concomitant declaration of independence by East Pakistan and the aftermath of liberation, this book offers a close reading of memoirs, testimonies, and fiction that draw on memories of the war.</p
In the Land of Buried Tongues
No full textThis work treats the events of 1971 in East Pakistan as a liberation war in order to contend with its memories, inheritances, and silences. Delving primarily into literature from Bangladesh, it also considers the tripartite site of history by bringing in responses in fiction from India and Pakistan. In addition to history and testimonial writing, fictional narratives are critical to understand the complex traces of those intense nine months in the history of the subcontinent. To facilitate this, the book takes stock of memoirs and testimonies of women and men in separate sections in order to underline the gendered nature of war. It then moves to fiction from Bangladesh and in the final chapter from Pakistan and India as well. Since the memories and representation of war is inseparable from its aftermath, these works clearly hint towards the unfinished task of memorialization, which is a process that cannot be reduced to monuments commemorating victory or rationalizing of defeat/loss. It is true that 1971 has been a casualty to nationalist historiography in all three countries. But as this reading of memoirs, testimonies, and fiction will demonstrate, it is possible to listen to the buried voices of 1971 as much in nationalist accounts as in less compliant ones. If we are to appreciate the violent, traumatic legacies of 1971 and its continued relevance to our lives, a multi-genre study involving victims of wartime rape, memoirs by combatant and non- combatant men, military accounts, and fiction from transnational sites might add to our current understanding of 1971.</p
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