481 research outputs found
Directional Footing, Degeneracy, and Alignment
No full textThis paper argues from an Optimality Theory perspective that no one-to-one correspondence exists between directional footing effects and individual constraints. Recent work in OT claims that directional footing effects are best captured by the constraints All-Feet-Left (Ft-Left) and All-Feet-Right (Ft-Right) in (1) (e.g. McCarthy & Prince 1993b, 1994; Kirchner 1993; Cohn & McCarthy 1994; Crowhurst & Hewitt, in press; Hewitt 1994a; Kager 1994).
(1) a. All-Feet-Left: Align(Foot, L, PrWd, L)
b. All-Feet-Right: Align(Foot, R, PrWd, R)
This paper argues that the relationship between the alignment constraints in (1) and directional footing is more complicated than has been envisioned. In fact, the OT account presented here reveals directional effects to be epiphenomenal: either of the constraints in (1) may yield rightward or leftward footing, depending on its interaction with constraints requiring syllable-to-foot parsing and binary foot structure (see below). We also show that directionality and stray syllable parsing at edges are dependent: right-to-left and left-to-right effects under Ft-Left dominance co-occur with either the presence or the absence of a degenerate foot, but not with both. This relationship is inverted when Ft-Right dominates Ft-Left. One outcome of this study is that interactions among a small number of constraints leads to a modified typological view of metrical patterns familiar from earlier work.The definitive version of this paper was published in NELS 25: Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society (1995) and is available at http://glsa.hypermart.net/Crowhurst, M., & Hewitt, M. S. (1995). Directional footing, degeneracy, and alignment. In J. N. Beckman (Ed.), NELS 25: Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society (pp. 47-61). Amherst, MA: GLSA (Graduate Linguistic Student Association), Dept. of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts
Caulerpa taxifolia C. Agardh
No full text<i>Caulerpa taxifolia</i> <p> Research effort on the ecological impacts of <i>Caulerpa taxifolia</i> decreased relative to other invasive macroalgae, and the geographic focus shifted in large part from the Mediterranean Sea (1 study in this review) to Australia (12 studies in this review). However, this species continued to affect the diversity (Gallucci et al. 2012, Bishop and Kelaher 2013), growth, condition, and survival (Gribben et al. 2009) of invertebrates. Gribben et al. (2013) found that faunal impacts varied by community: <i>C. taxifolia</i> had a negative effect on infauna but a positive effect on epifauna. It also affected higher trophic levels by providing a less attractive food source to herbivores (Gollan and Wright 2006, Burfeind et al. 2009) and a less attractive fish habitat (York et al. 2006) relative to native macroalgae.</p>Published as part of <i>Davidson, Alisha D., Campbell, Marnie L., Hewitt, Chad L. & Schaffelke, Britta, 2015, Assessing the impacts of nonindigenous marine macroalgae: an update of current knowledge, pp. 55-79 in Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 58 (2)</i> on page 62, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2014-0079, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/11208773">http://zenodo.org/record/11208773</a>
Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides P. C. Silva
No full text<i>Codium fragile</i> ssp. <i>tomentosoides</i> <p> <i>Codium fragile</i> ssp. <i>tomentosoides</i> maintained its dominance in many areas of the northwest Atlantic because it is a superior competitor after disturbance events (Scheibling and Gagnon 2006, Kelly et al. 2011). However, several studies reported greater macrofaunal and epiphyte diversity associated with <i>C. fragile</i> ssp. <i>tomentosoides</i> (Schmidt and Scheibling 2006, 2007), which may be due to increased adaptation of the local community to this species (Harris and Jones 2005). A single study outside the northwest Atlantic showed that <i>C. fragile</i> ssp. <i>tomentosoides</i> increased the recruitment of the mussel <i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i> Lamarck (Bulleri et al. 2006).</p>Published as part of <i>Davidson, Alisha D., Campbell, Marnie L., Hewitt, Chad L. & Schaffelke, Britta, 2015, Assessing the impacts of nonindigenous marine macroalgae: an update of current knowledge, pp. 55-79 in Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 58 (2)</i> on page 64, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2014-0079, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/11208773">http://zenodo.org/record/11208773</a>
Sargassum muticum Fensholt
No full text<i>Sargassum muticum</i> <p> Several of the case studies of the impacts of <i>Sargassum muticum</i> introductions showed negative effects, such as being an undesirable food source for herbivores (Monteiro et al. 2009), suppression of native algal assemblages (Olabarria et al. 2009), and space monopolization (Thomsen et al. 2006). However, several of the studies had ambiguous results, with some taxonomic groups showing increased abundance and some showing decreased abundance (Lang and Buschbaum 2010, Gestoso et al. 2012). <i>Sargassum muticum</i> also enhanced epibiotic diversity in soft-bottom environments (Buschbaum et al. 2006), and at time scales of <1 week after colonization (Rodil et al. 2008). This species was a preferred forage material for the snail <i>Lacuna vincta</i> Montagu (Britton-Simmons et al. 2011), and its presence increased overall faunal abundance (Strong et al. 2006).</p>Published as part of <i>Davidson, Alisha D., Campbell, Marnie L., Hewitt, Chad L. & Schaffelke, Britta, 2015, Assessing the impacts of nonindigenous marine macroalgae: an update of current knowledge, pp. 55-79 in Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 58 (2)</i> on page 64, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2014-0079, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/11208773">http://zenodo.org/record/11208773</a>
An example concerning the Yosida-Hewitt decomposition of finitely additive measures
No full textLet
λ
\lambda
be Lebesgue measure on the Lebesgue
σ
\sigma
-algebra
L
\mathcal {L}
of
I
:=
]
0
,
1
[
I:=]0,1[
. The author gives an example of a purely finitely additive measure
φ
:
L
→
[
0
,
1
]
\varphi :\mathcal {L} \to [0,1]
vanishing on
λ
\lambda
-null sets such that
∫
f
d
φ
=
∫
f
d
λ
\smallint f\,d\varphi = \smallint f\,d\lambda
for every bounded continuous function f on I
(
f
∈
C
b
(
I
)
)
(f \in {C_b}(I))
. Consequently,
λ
−
φ
∈
L
∞
(
λ
)
′
\lambda - \varphi \in {L^\infty }(\lambda )’
annihilates
C
b
(
I
)
{C_b}(I)
and is not purely finitely additive, contrary to an assertion of Yosida and Hewitt.</p
The enlargement of the Suez Canal and introduction of non-indigenous species to the Mediterranean Sea
No full textThe Suez Canal is one of the most important waterways in the world – during the last year 17,148 ships passed through the Canal – reducing emissions, saving time, and operating costs to shippers. The rapid increase in ship size from the “Post-Suezmax” (> 12,000 TEU) to the latest container vessels (> 19,000 TEU) now requires enlargements of port facilities and canals.
A project of this magnitude, and with potentially negative environmental outcomes, requires a transparent and scientifically sound “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA). An explicit obligation on Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (https://www.cbd.int/doc/ legal/cbd-en.pdf) was made to consider transboundary impacts on biodiversity, particularly those associated with invasive non-indigenous species
Caulerpa cylindracea
No full text<i>Caulerpa cylindracea</i> <p> <i>Caulerpa cylindracea</i> has been spreading in the Mediterranean Sea since the early 1990s (Verlaque et al. 2003, 2004, Klein and Verlaque 2008). In Italy, overgrowth by <i>C. cylindracea</i> reduced diversity and abundance of native macroalgae, especially turf and encrusting species (Piazzi et al. 2001a). In mixed sea grass meadows of <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> (Ucria) Ascherson and <i>Zostera noltii</i> Hornemann, <i>C. cylindracea</i> decreased shoot density of <i>C. nodosa</i> but increased density of <i>Z. noltii</i> (Ceccherelli and Campo 2002).</p> <p> Where they co-occur, <i>C. cylindracea</i> is competitively superior to <i>C. taxifolia</i>, and growth rates of the former species are higher (Piazzi et al. 2001b, Piazzi and Ceccherelli 2002). The establishment of <i>C. cylindracea</i> most commonly led to the reduced abundance and species number of native algal growth forms: canopy-forming (Bulleri et al. 2010), as well as encrusting, foliose and articulated forms (Piazzi and Balata 2008, 2009). The decline in the latter three was attributed to increased sedimentation (Piazzi et al. 2007a). <i>Caulerpa cylindracea</i> was observed to reduce survival and biomass of live coral colonies (KruŽić et al. 2008, Žuljević et al. 2011, Cebrian et al. 2012).</p> <p> Several studies also demonstrated an impact on macroinvertebrates, such as lower amphipod richness and abundance, different species composition, and changes in food web structure compared with sea grass beds (Vázquez-Luis et al. 2008, 2009, Deudero et al. 2011, Lorenti et al. 2011, Pacciardi et al. 2011, Vázquiz-Luis 2013, Deudero et al. 2014). Finally, <i>C. cylindracea</i> was implicated in reducing the physical condition of white seabream (<i>Diplodus sargus</i> Linnaeus), via the bioaccumulation of the pest metabolite caulerpyne (Terlizzi et al. 2011).</p> <p> The one potential human health effect found in the review was related to the potentially toxic effects of <i>C. cylindracea</i> on white seabream, which causes a change in the fatty acid composition of this fish (which is eaten by humans), making it an improved source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition (Felline et al. 2014). However, all impact studies were limited to the Mediterranean. Effects on diversity, total cover, and articulated algae persisted even after <i>C. cylindracea</i> had been removed. For example, Klein and Verlaque (2011) found lower values for these characteristics 18 months after <i>C. cylindracea</i> was removed. Although the invasion history of this species is relatively short, the research (e.g., Klein and Verlaque 2011) suggests that the current temporal reversibility of these impacts is likely to be moderate to high (recovery extending into decades or longer; Hewitt et al. 2011a, Ojaveer et al. 2015).</p>Published as part of <i>Davidson, Alisha D., Campbell, Marnie L., Hewitt, Chad L. & Schaffelke, Britta, 2015, Assessing the impacts of nonindigenous marine macroalgae: an update of current knowledge, pp. 55-79 in Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 58 (2)</i> on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2014-0079, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/11208773">http://zenodo.org/record/11208773</a>
Supplemental_material - Agreement in Histological Assessment of Mitotic Activity Between Microscopy and Digital Whole Slide Images Informs Conversion for Clinical Diagnosis
No full textSupplemental_material for Agreement in Histological Assessment of Mitotic Activity Between Microscopy and Digital Whole Slide Images Informs Conversion for Clinical Diagnosis by Bih-Rong Wei, Charles H. Halsey, Shelley B. Hoover, Munish Puri, Howard H. Yang, Brandon D. Gallas, Maxwell P. Lee, Weijie Chen, Amy C. Durham, Jennifer E. Dwyer, Melissa D. Sánchez, Ryan P. Traslavina, Chad Frank, Charles Bradley, Lawrence D. McGill, D. Glen Esplin, Paula A. Schaffer, Sarah D. Cramer, L. Tiffany Lyle, Jessica Beck, Elizabeth Buza, Qi Gong, Stephen M. Hewitt and R. Mark Simpson in Academic Pathology</p
Investigating the socio-economic impacts of the introduced Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, on New Zealand’s native paddle crab fishery
No full textDespite the body of scientific research that exists on Charybdis japonica since it’s discovery in New Zealand in 2000, an investigation into the socio-economic impacts this introduced species may have was lacking. This study focuses on the potential socio-economic impacts from C. japonica on NZ’s native paddle crab (Ovalipes catharus) fishery. Charybdis japonica has spread steadily throughout the North Island of NZ, predominantly in an area that coincides with the main commercial fishing area for O. catharus (federally managed and defined as ‘PAD1’). Fishers perceptions of change and impacts in the fishery were investigated across the commercial and recreational sectors within this focus area. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews with commercial crab fishers covered three main areas: (1) background information on the O. catharus fishery, (2) perceptions of change in the fishery, (3) knowledge of C. japonica and perceived impact. Surveys with recreational fishers also covered these areas, with additional questions on their perceptions of the value of certain coastal environmental aspects (i.e., safety, cleanliness, biodiversity).
Commercial fisheries catch data for the five main O. catharus fishing regions was also analysed to assess if a significant change in catch rates pre- and post- the arrival of C. japonica in NZ had occurred. Results showed significant changes in PAD1, PAD7 and PAD8 fisheries management areas. Given C. japonica has not yet been found in PAD7 and PAD8, catch rate changes within these three areas are likely due to other unmeasured variables. Commercial fishers predominantly suggested C. japonica had not yet had an observable impact on the O. catharus fishery. Recreational fishers that participated in this study had only had a short-term exposure to the fishery (the majority had started fishing for crabs less than a year ago), thus they had limited perceptions of change within the fishery. Commercial and recreational fishers were also tested on their ability to accurately identify the two crab species. Both sectors accurately identified O. catharus 95% of the time and C. japonica 55% of the time from a series of four images, with no statistically significant difference in accuracy between the two sectors.
Despite some evidence of self-reported awareness of C. japonica in this study, further sustained public education to enable identification of this introduced species is needed if the public are to be incorporated into the management of this species. Commercial fishers highlighted the potential impact C. japonica may have on the flatfish fishery, an area requiring further investigation. Further research on the impacts C. japonica could have on other species of ecological, social, cultural and economic importance in NZ is required
Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: Considerations for application in marine management
No full textAssessment of the ecological and economic/societal impacts of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is one of the primary focus areas of bioinvasion science in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and is considered essential to management. A classification system of NIS, based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts, was recently proposed to assist management. Here, we consider the potential application of this classification scheme to the marine environment, and offer a complementary framework focussing on value sets in order to explicitly address marine management concerns. Since existing data on marine NIS impacts are scarce and successful marine removals are rare, we propose that management of marine NIS adopt a precautionary approach, which not only would emphasise preventing new incursions through pre-border and at-border controls but also should influence the categorisation of impacts. The study of marine invasion impacts requires urgent attention and significant investment, since we lack the luxury of waiting for the knowledge base to be acquired before the window of opportunity closes for feasible management
- …
