1,720,968 research outputs found
The economics of tobacco in Lebanon: An estimation of the social costs of tobacco consumption
No full textObjectives: Assess the socioeconomic costs of smoking in Lebanon and understand the tobacco market and identify the winners and losers from the Lebanese tobacco trade. Methods: We take a close look at the market for tobacco and related markets to identify the main stakeholders and estimate the direct costs and benefits of tobacco. We also estimate lower bounds for the costs of tobacco, in terms of lost productivity, the cost of medical treatment, lost production due to premature death, and environmental damage. The paucity of data means our cost estimates are conservative lower bounds and we explicitly list the effects that we are unable to include. Results: We identify the main actors in the tobacco trade: the Régie (the state-owned monopoly which regulates the tobacco trade), tobacco farmers, international tobacco companies, local distributors, retailers, consumers, and advertising firms. We identify as proximate actors the Ministries of Finance and Health, employers, and patients of smoking-related illnesses. In 2008, tobacco trade in Lebanon led to a total social cost of $326.7 million (1.1percent of GDP). Conclusion: Low price tags on imported cigarettes not only increase smoking prevalence, but they also result in a net economic loss. Lebanese policymakers should consider the overall deficit from tobacco trade and implement the guidelines presented in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to at once increase government revenue and reduce government outlays, and save the labor market and the environment substantial costs. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.Ammar W., 2009, HLTH POLITICS; [Anonymous], 2007, STAT B; Byblos Bank, 2010, LEB THIS WEEK; Chaaban J, 2010, EC TOBACCO LEBANON E; Chaaban J., 2008, ARE STAKEHOLDERS RAS; Chaaya M, 2004, ADDICT BEHAV, V29, P1821, DOI 10.1016-j.addbeh.2004.04.008; Collins D. J., 2010, SOCIAL COSTS SMOKING; Easton B., 1997, PUBLIC HLTH MONOGRAP, V2; Eriksen M., 2012, TOBACCO ATLAS; Global Burden of Diseases Injuries and Risk Factors Study, 2010, GBD PROF LEB; Investment Development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL), 1996, RESTR REG; Lebanese Customs, 2007, TRAD STAT; Lebanese Fire Prevention Committee (LFPC), 2010, EFF FOR FIR; Ministry of Finance, 2010, PUBL FIN REV 2008; Saade G, 2005, PREV MED, V47, pS15; Salti N., 2013, TOBACCO CONTROL; Sibai A. M., 2009, COMMUNICATION; Tiihonen J., BMJ OPEN, V2, DOI [10.1136-bmjopen-2012-001678, DOI 10.1136-BMJ0PEN-2012-001678]; World Bank, 2006, LEB PROD INV CLIM PR; World Bank, 2008, WORLD DEV IND; World Bank, 2010, DEC INC SUPP TOB PRO; World Health Organization, 2013, ENF BANS TOB ADV PRO0
The economic cost of physical inactivity in China
No full textObjective: To estimate the total economic burden of physical inactivity in China. Method: The costs of physical inactivity combine the medical and non-medical costs of five major Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) associated with inactivity. The national data from the Chinese Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Surveys (2007) and the National Health Service Survey (2003) are used to compute population attributable risks (PARs) of inactivity for each major NCD. Costs specific to inactivity are obtained by multiplying each disease costs by the PAR for each NCD, by incorporating the inactivity effects through overweight and obesity. Results: Physical inactivity contributes between 12percent and 19percent to the risks associated with the five major NCDs in China, namely coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Physical inactivity is imposing a substantial economic burden on the country, as it is responsible alone for more than 15percent of the medical and non-medical yearly costs of the main NCDs in the country. Conclusions: The high economic burden of physical inactivity implies the need to develop more programs and interventions that address this modifiable behavioral risk, in order to curb the rising NCDs epidemic in China. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.Allender S, 2007, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V61, P344, DOI 10.1136-jech.2006.050807; Cao H, 2011, PREV MED, V53, P316, DOI 10.1016-j.ypmed.2011.09.002; China CDC, 2010, REP 2007 BEH RISK FA; China CDC, 2011, REP 2010 BEH RISK FA; Colditz GA, 1999, MED SCI SPORT EXER, V31, pS663, DOI 10.1097-00005768-199911001-00026; Das P, 2012, LANCET, V380, P189, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(12)61024-1; Hu FB, 2011, OBES REV, V12, P552, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-789X.2011.00863.x; Hu J, 2007, CHINA J PREVENTION C, V15, P189; Katzmarzyk PT, 2010, DIABETES, V59, P2717, DOI 10.2337-db10-0822; Katzmarzyk PT, 2000, CAN MED ASSOC J, V163, P1435; Katzmarzyk PT, 2004, CAN J APPL PHYSIOL, V29, P90; Lee IM, 2012, LANCET, V380, P219, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(12)61031-9; Ma GuanSheng, 2007, Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, V29, P426; Ministry of Health MOH and China CDC, 2011, CHINA NCDS REP; Ng SW, 2009, SOC SCI MED, V68, P1305, DOI 10.1016-j.socscimed.2009.01.035; Ng SW, 2012, OBES REV, V13, P659, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-789X.2011.00982.x; Oldridge NB, 2008, EUR J CARDIOV PREV R, V15, P130, DOI 10.1097-HJR.0b013e3282f19d42; Popkin BM, 2008, HEALTH AFFAIR, V27, P1064, DOI [10.1377-hlthaff.27.4.1064, 10.1377-hlthaff.274.1064]; Popkin BM, 2006, OBES REV, V7, P271, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-789X.2006.00230.x; RISSANEN AM, 1991, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V45, P419; Wang LD, 2005, LANCET, V366, P1821, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)67344-8; Wang Y, 2007, INT J OBESITY, V31, P177, DOI 10.1038-sj.ijo.0803354; Yang L, 2011, TOB CONTROL, V20, P266, DOI 10.1136-tc.2010.042028; Yang ZY, 2011, INT J BEHAV MED, V18, P295, DOI 10.1007-s12529-011-9187-0; Zhao W, 2008, OBES REV, V9, P62, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-789X.2007.00440.x46
Determinants of adoption of protected designation of origin label: Evidence from the french brie cheese industry
No full textThis paper investigates empirically the determinants of agro-food firms' adoption of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) label. A unique dataset containing firm-level cost and production information on the French Brie cheese is used, covering the period 1980-2000. The Brie cheese data are especially relevant as PDO Brie producers have coexisted with other non-PDO producers since 1981. To evaluate the producers' incentive to opt for PDO certification, we use a structural switching regression model which incorporates cost and production structure variables. Results show that PDO certification is less attractive the higher the costs of raw materials and the greater the size of the company. PDO Brie cheese production costs are estimated to be on average 40percent higher than those for non-PDO Brie. The PDO production process could be technically inefficient when compared with the unconstrained non-PDO manufacturing; yet, PDO producers benefit from a price premium on their product which offsets their higher production cost. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 The Agricultural Economics Society.Ali A. I., 1993, MEASUREMENT PRODUCTI, P120; Arfini F., 2006, CASE STUDY PARMIGIAN; BABCOCK BA, 2003, IOWA AG REV, V9; BANKER RD, 1984, MANAGE SCI, V30, P1078, DOI 10.1287-mnsc.30.9.1078; Bonnet C, 2001, EUR REV AGRIC ECON, V28, P433, DOI 10.1093-erae-28.4.433; BOWLIN WF, 1998, J COST ANAL FAL, P3; Coelli T, 1999, EUR J OPER RES, V117, P326, DOI 10.1016-S0377-2217(98)00271-9; Colinet P., 2006, CASE STUDY COMTE CHE; Collado R., 2006, CASE STUDY DEHESA EX; Fare R., 1994, PRODUCTION FRONTIERS; FARRELL MJ, 1957, J R STAT SOC SER A-G, V120, P253, DOI 10.2307-2343100; HASSAN D, 2002, CAHIERS EC SOCIOLOGI, V65, P23; Huang MY, 2002, J PROD ANAL, V18, P223, DOI 10.1023-A:1020686610802; Marette S, 2005, 05WP406 IOW STAT U C; Rosen Sherwin, 1979, J POLITICAL EC, V87, P507; Sauer J, 2006, J APPL ECON, V9, P139; SEIFORD LM, 1990, J ECONOMETRICS, V46, P7, DOI 10.1016-0304-4076(90)90045-U; van Ittersum K, 2007, J AGR ECON, V58, P1, DOI 10.1111-j.1477-9552.2007.00080.x108
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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