1,721,078 research outputs found
Mortality inequalities by occupational status and type of job in men and women: results from the Rome Longitudinal Study
Full text linkObjectives Socioeconomic inequalities have a strong impact on population health all over the world. Occupational status is a powerful determinant of health in rich societies. We aimed at investigating the association between occupation and mortality in a large metropolitan study.
Design Cohort study.
Setting Rome, capital of Italy.
Participants We used the Rome Longitudinal Study, the administrative cohort of residents in Rome at the 2001 general census, followed until 2015. We selected residents aged 15–65 years at baseline. For each subject, we had information on sex, age and occupation (occupational status and type of job) according to the Italian General Census recognition.
Main outcome measures We investigated all-cause, cancer, cardiovascular and accidental mortality, major causes of death in the working-age population. We used Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the association between occupation and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in men and women.
Results We selected 1 466 726 subjects (52.1% women). 42 715 men and 29 915 women died during the follow-up. In men, 47.8% of deaths were due to cancer, 26.7% to cardiovascular causes and 6.4% to accidents, whereas in women 57.8% of deaths were due to cancer, 19.3% to cardiovascular causes and 3.5% to accidents. We found an association between occupational variables and mortality, more evident in men than in women. Compared with employed, unemployed had a higher risk of mortality for all causes with an HR=1.99 (95% CI 1.92 to 2.06) in men and an HR=1.49 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.60) in women. Compared with high-qualified non-manual workers, non-specialised manual workers had a higher mortality risk (HR=1.68, 95% CI 1.59 to 1.77 and HR=1.30, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.40, for men and women, respectively).
Conclusions This study shows the importance of occupational variables as social health determinants and provides evidence for policy-makers on the necessity of integrated and preventive policies aimed at improving the safety of the living and the working environment
Mortality inequalities in Rome: the role of individual education and neighbourhood real estate market // Differenziali di mortalità a Roma: il ruolo dell’istruzione e dei prezzi immobiliari del quartiere di residenza
No full textOBIETTIVI: studiare l’associazione tra livello di istruzione, prezzi degli immobili nel quartiere in cui si risiede e mortalità per tutte le cause.
DISEGNO: studio di coorte.
SETTING E PARTECIPANTI: dalla coorte censuaria del 2011 sono stati selezionati i residenti a Roma, viventi (da fonte anagrafica) all’indirizzo del censimento, di età compresa tra i 18 e i 99 anni. I soggetti sono stati seguiti, attraverso record linkage con database amministrativi, fino a dicembre 2016. I dati includono informazioni individuali quali genere, età, istruzione, quartiere di residenza, data di morte. I quartieri sono stati classificati secondo il prezzo degli immobili (euro/m2).
PRINCIPALI MISURE DI OUTCOME: mortalità per tutte le cause, analizzata con modelli di Cox.
RISULTATI: sono stati inclusi 2.051.376 individui (54% donne, 22,5% con un alto livello di istruzione). Durante il follow-up, sono morte 127.352 persone. L’istruzione è un forte determinante della mortalità. Tenendo conto di età, genere, stato civile e prezzo degli immobili nel quartiere di residenza, rispetto a chi ha un livello di istruzione alto, le persone con un’istruzione media hanno un hazard ratio (HR) di 1,16 (IC95% 1,14-1,19) e quelle con un’istruzione bassa hanno un HR di 1,35 (IC95% 1,32-1,37). Tenendo conto degli stessi fattori e del titolo di studio, a ogni mille euro di aumento del prezzo al m2 degli immobili corrisponde un HR di 0,96 (IC95% 0,96-0,97).
CONCLUSIONI: entrambi gli indicatori utilizzati sono associati alla mortalità per tutte le cause. Un semplice indicatore come il prezzo immobiliare può essere utilizzato per mettere in luce disuguaglianze nello stato di salute.OBJECTIVES: to investigate the association between real estate prices, education, and mortality. DESIGN: cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: residents in Rome at the 2011 Italian Census, not living in institutions, and living in the address reported in the Census survey. People aged 18-99 years were followed from 2011 to 2016 using anonymous record linkage procedures with administrative databases. The Census includes several individual information, such as gender, age, education, residential neighbourhood. Data and cause of death were collected from mortality register. Real estate prices (euros/m2) were available for each neighbourhood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: adjusted Cox regression models (hazard ratios - HRs and 95%CIs) were used to estimate the association among individual education, real estate price in the neighbourhood, and mortality. RESULTS: the subjects selected were 2,051,376 (54% women, 22.5% with high education level). During the follow-up, 127,352 subjects died. Taking into account gender, age, marital status, and real estate prices, education level was strongly associated with all-cause mortality; compared to highly educated the higher mortality, risk was 35% (95%CI 32%-37%) for low education level and 16% (95%CI 14%-19%) for medium education level. Taking into account the same factors and education level, each increase of 1,000 euros in price/m2 was inversely associated with mortality (HR 0.96, 95%CI 0.96-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: there is an independent association between the two indicators and mortality in Rome. A simple indicator such as real estate prices can be used to tackle inequalities
Does chronic exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide exacerbate the short-term effects of airborne particles?
No full textThe short-term effects of PM10 on mortality and whether long-term exposure to NO2 modifies this association were investigated among 124,432 35+ year-old participants who died in Rome between 2001 and 2010 and maintained the same address for at least 5 years before death. Modification of PM10-related mortality by long-term NO2 exposure was determined by two-way interaction, while a three-way interaction was employed to assess effect modification of high NO2 levels in population groups defined by socio-demographic position and pre-existing diseases. An overall increase in mortality for each 10 Î1⁄4g/cu m increase in PM10 was observed. Short-term PM10-related mortality increased among people exposed to both high and low NO10 levels, but a clear effect modification was not detected. However, effect modifications of short-term PM10-related mortality were observed among those exposed to long-term NO2 for people over the age of 85-years, for those with pre-existing arrhythmias, and for those with pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
SARS-CoV-2 spread and area economic disadvantage in the italian three-tier restrictions: a multilevel approach
Full text linkBackground: To face the second wave of COVID-19, Italy implemented a tiered restriction system with different limitation levels (yellow = medium; orange = medium-high, red = high) at the beginning of November 2020. The restrictions systematically reduced the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with increasing strength for increasing tier. However, it is unknown whether the effect of limitations was equal between provinces with different socioeconomic levels. Therefore, we investigated the association between the province's socioeconomic level and SARS-CoV-2 infection daily reproduction number in each restriction level. Methods: We measured the province's socioeconomic level as the percentage of individuals whose 2019 total yearly income was lower than 10,000€, using the measure as a proxy of economic disadvantage. We estimated the daily reproduction number (Rt) at the province level using the SARS-CoV-2 daily incidence data from November 2020 to May 2021. We then used multilevel linear regression models with random intercepts stratified by restriction level to estimate the association between economic disadvantage and Rt. We also adjusted the analyses for potential confounders of the association between the province's economic disadvantage and the Rt: the percentage of people with 0-5 years, the quartiles of population density, and the geographical repartition. Results: Overall, we found increasing Rt in yellow (+ 0.004 p < 0.01, from Rt = 0.99 to 1.08 in three weeks) and containing effects for the orange (-0.005 p < 0.01, from Rt = 1.03 to 0.93) and the red tier (-0.014 p < 0.01, from Rt = 1.05 to 0.76). More economically disadvantaged provinces had higher Rt levels in every tier, although non-significantly in the yellow level (yellow = 0.001 p = 0.19; orange = 0.002 p = 0.02; red = 0.004 p < 0.01). The results showed that the association between economic disadvantage and Rt differed by level of restriction. The number of days into the restriction and the economic disadvantage had statistically significant interactions in every adjusted model. Compared to better off, more economically disadvantaged provinces had slower increasing trends in yellow and steeper Rt reductions in orange, but they showed slower Rt reductions in the highest tier. Conclusion: Lower tiers were more effective in more economically disadvantaged provinces, while the highest restriction level had milder effects. These results underline the importance of accounting for socioeconomic level when implementing public health measures
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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