177,009 research outputs found
Optimization of post-exercise recovery beverages’ composition
No full textFluid intake and adequate hydration are essential and critical during and after training sessions and competition events. Reductions in body water content will prejudice performance with exercise performance significantly impaired when 2% or more of body weight is lost through sweat [1-3]. Guidelines states that in the post exercise (within 30 minutes to 1 hour after the end of the physical exercise), effective rehydration requires the intake of a volume of fluid equal to, at least, the 150% of the difference between body weight before and after the training [4] but a lack is still present regarding specific guidelines related to beverage formulations, strategies and volumes.
Indeed, in addition to water, sweat contains variable amounts of sodium, with lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium so it is important that athletes can benefit from intake of an appropriate amount of a well-formulated drink [5-9].
Our prevoius studies underlined the potential role of skimmed milk as post recovery drink possibly linked to its specific characteristics [10-12]. In particular, milk has naturally high concentrations of electrolytes, that should aid in fluid recovery following exercise [4, 13].
Moreover, it contains casein and whey proteins in a ratio of 3:1 which provides for slower digestion and absorption of these proteins resulting in sustained elevations of blood amino acid concentrations.
In this regard, the aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of milk as post-recovery beverage. In particular, skimmed milk was tested in different volumes (no diluted skimmed milk, skimmed milk diluted 1:2 and 1:3) in order to better evaluate its role and to optimize volume. Moreover, specific nutrients (i.e. Casein, Sodium) and their possible combinations (Casein + Sodium, Whey proteins + Sodium) were taken into account in different concentrations to investigate possible role of specific nutrients.
30 athletes, both male and female, aged between 19 and 47, took part to the study. Each strategy was tested for one week with an intake equal to 500ml of the specific drink with the addiction of an amount of water equal to the volume needed to reach the 150% of loss body weight during the exercise.
A specific questionnaire was performed to ask about type of activity performed, the intensity of the activity, the urine colour, the thirst sensation after waking up in the morning; eventual cramps. Anthropometric measurement and Bioimpedence Analysis (both mono-frequency and multi-frequency) were performed to assess body composition and hydration in term of total body water, intra-cellular water and extra-cellular water.
Following guidelines indications, through the use of 150% of water intake in the post exercise, a variability among subjects were observed with cases also of worsening of hydration status underlining the importance of beverage characteristics as several elements might affect fluid balance: the macronutrient content, the electrolyte (i.e. sodium and potassium) [5-9].
Among the different strategies tested, skimmed milk resulted again the best one, able both to improve total body water in terms of intra-cellular water and body composition more than single milk nutrients. This underlines the importance of further investigate milk as post-exercise recovery beverage in terms not only of nutrients content but also nutrients synergism.
Even if data obtained by this study are limited by the restricted number of athletes, obtained results can be considered a step ahead to better evaluate the role of milk as recovery beverages, to define its applicability and to study new hydration protocols in order to improve the present knowledge on athlete’s hydration and recovery.
References
[1] Maughan RJ. Investigating the associations between hydration and exercise performance: methodology and limitations. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(suppl_2):S128-S131.
[2] Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Leiper JB. Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):797-804.
[3] Goulet ED, et al. Pre-exercise hyperhydration delays dehydration and improves endurance capacity during 2 h of cycling in a temperate climate. J Physiol Anthropol. 2008;27(5):263-71.
[4] Shirreffs SM, Watson P, Maughan RJ. Milk as an effective post-exercise rehydration drink. Br J Nutr. 2007; 98(1):173-180.
[5] Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(3):501-528.
[6] Brancaccio P, et al. Supplementation of Acqua Lete(R) (Bicarbonate Calcic Mineral Water) improves hydration status in athletes after short term anaerobic exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012; 9(1):35.
[7] Maughan RJ, et al. A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):717-23.
[8] Kalman DS, et al. Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):1.
[9] Oliver S, et al. Development of a hydration index: a randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32 Suppl 2:10264.
[10] Vici G, Albertini F, Quintavalle A, Belli L, Polzonetti V. Milk as recovery drink after exercise: a case study. Alimenti Funzionali e Nutraceutici per la Salute. Camerino, 28th June 2016
[11] Vici G, Camilletti D, Cesanelli L, Belli L, Polzonetti V. Effects of different nutritional strategies in post exercise recovery. Cibo e Nutraceutici: direzione salute. Camerino, 10th July 2018
[12] Vici G, Camilletti D, Mozzoni A, Cesanelli L, Belli L, Polzonetti V. Effects of specific re-hydration protocols after exercise in non-elite and elite athletes. 3rd Sport Nutrition International Conference. Bologna, 30th November 2018
[13] Roy BD. Milk: the new sports drink? A Review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5:15
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Impact of 24 weeks of strength training coupled to endurance training on endurance performance (hero dolomites 2019)
No full textDespite reports are still equivocal, in recent years different studies reported how strength training could impact positively on endurance performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a long-term strength coupled to endurance training protocol in comparison with endurance training protocol on cycling performance. 14 trained amateurs' cyclists (males; 27,03 ± 3,75 years; 177,15 ± 5,69 cm; 69,67 ± 8,53 kg; 22,2 ± 1,67 BMI) that completed the Hero Dolomites 2018 competition and signed to the 2019 edition (86 km, 4500 m) participated to the study. 7 of them (treated) followed a 24 weeks strength training coupled to endurance training program to increase performance, the other (untreated) followed their endurance training routines without any specific resistance training protocol. FTP (Functional Threshold Power) test and 1RM (One Repetition Maximum) test (barbell squat and leg press 45°) were planned at week 1, week 8, week 16 and week 24. 2019 race times were compared to 2018 once. Treated individuals showed increased strength (barbell squat: +29,7 ± 7,8 kg; leg press 45°: +53,5 ± 13,1 kg) and FTP (+23,2 ± 9,3 W) from week 1 to week 24. Both treated and untreated individuals improved their race time from 2018 to 2019 (treated: -51,4 ± 24,6 m; untreated: -11,8 ± 14,4 m). Treated individuals improved significantly race time from 2018 compared to untreated individuals (p<0,05). Structured and periodized strength sessions can be incorporated and maintained for the entire duration of a 24 weeks training program impacting positively on endurance performance
Valutazione della ripetibilità del test da sforzo in pazienti con cardiopatia ischemica
No full text"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Everesting challenge attempt strategy: A case study
No full textThe Everesting challenge (repeat any hill, anywhere in the world, until you climb an altitude of 8848 m; the equivalent of M. Everest) is becoming an increasingly popular challenge. The physical and metabolic stress to which the body is exposed during this type of exercise is unusual and it is also particularly challenging for coaches, trainers and sport nutritionists. The aim of this study is to analyse the parameters and key details necessary to optimize a 10-week training protocol for an ultra-endurance performance like the Everesting challenge. An ex-élite cyclist, trained individual (male; 26 years; 181 cm; 71,7 kg; 21,9 BMI) followed a 10 weeks training and nutrition program to reach his peak performance and attempt the challenge. Body composition analysis checks (body weight, body circumferences, skinfold thickness and bioimpedance analysis) and performance tests (Conconi, Functional Threshold Power, Maximum Lactate Steady State) were planned at week 1, 5 and 10. After 10 weeks FTP increased from 245 to 267 W and at MLSS from 252 W to 270 W. Body weight decreased from 71,7 kg to 68,3 kg and body fat from 10,7% to 6,8 % (Jackson-Pollock 7 sites). The individual was able to accomplish the Everesting challenge concluding his ride in 13h34m27s, average power 162 W, average heart rate 139 bpm, 7685 kcal consumed. 10 weeks of strategically planned nutrition and training program may be sufficient to prepare an élite athlete or a well-trained individual to attempt an ultra-endurance challenge like the Everesting
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Prognostic value of total ischemic burden in patients with stable ischemic heart disease.
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
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