1,720,970 research outputs found
: Legal and political aspect of sanctioning countries for non-compliance with judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
No full textSvet Evrope je vodilna regijska mednarodna organizacija na področju varstva človekovih pravic, njegova glavna sodna institucija – ESČP pa skrbi za dosledno upoštevanje EKČP. Organizacijo že izvorno sestavljajo pravni in politični elementi, kar pa se kaže tako v njenem ustroju, kot tudi v njenem delovanju. Družbena pojava pravo in politika sicer s filozofskega vidika sestavljata neločljivo povezano enoto, ki pa jo je človek ločil zaradi potreb funkcioniranja človeške družbe. Delno ali celo popolno prekrivanje teh dveh pojavov nakazuje na težavnost njune ločitve. Prekrivanje zasledimo tudi v sistemu nadzora nad izvrševanjem sodb ESČP, ki ga opravlja glavni politični organ Sveta Evrope – Odbor ministrov. Odbor, drugi organi Sveta Evrope ter države članice imajo proti državam kršiteljicam, ki \u27načelno\u27 ali pa \u27zavlačevalno\u27 ne izvršijo obveznosti izhajajoče iz sodbe ESČP, na voljo različne sankcije. Nekatere so bolj politične narave (npr. Odbor ministrov sprejema vmesne resolucije, nekatere diplomatske sankcije držav članic), druge bolj pravne narave (npr. izločitev države iz organizacije). Od sprejema protokola št. 14 k EKČP pa ima Odbor ministrov na voljo tudi uvedbo postopka ugotavljanja kršitev, v sklopu katerega ESČP presodi, ali je država izpolnila svoje obveznosti iz prve sodbe. Kljub temu da večina držav uspešno izvršuje sodbe, je zadnji primer, ki je bil deležen presoje v sklopu postopka ugotavljanja kršitev – Kavala v. Turčija, izpostavil krhkost konvencijskega sistema ter problematiko neučinkovitosti sankcij na ravni mednarodnih organizacij. Pa vendar - veliko število zaključenih primerov v zadnjih letih nakazuje, da države kršiteljice večinsko ravnajo v dobri veri ter celovito in pravočasno izvršujejo sodbe, zaradi česar je sistem vsaj za zdaj uspešen.The Council of Europe is the leading regional international organization in the field of human rights protection, where its main judicial institution – the ECtHR – ensures strict compliance with the ECHR. The organization originally consists of legal and political elements, which is reflected both in its structure and in its day-to-day operations. From a philosophical point of view, the social phenomena of law and politics constitute an inseparably connected unit, which has been separated by man due to his needs of the functioning society. Partial or even complete overlap of these two phenomena shows the difficulty of separating them, which is also reflected in the system of monitoring the execution of ECtHR judgments, which is carried out by the main political body of the Council of Europe - the Committee of Ministers. The Committee, other bodies of the Council of Europe and the member states can impose various sanctions against offending countries that \u27in principle\u27 or \u27tardily\u27 do not fulfill their obligations from the judgment. Some are of a more political nature (e.g. interim resolutions, diplomatic sanctions of member states), others of a more legal nature (e.g. the expulsion from the organization). Since the adoption of Protocol no. 14, the Committee of Ministers can initiate the infringement proceedings, within which the ECtHR assesses whether the state has fulfilled its obligations from the first judgment. Despite the fact that most countries act in good faith and successfully enforce judgments, the last case that has been assessed in the infringement procedure – Kavala v. Türkiye, pointed out the fragility of the Convention system and the issue of the ineffectiveness of sanctions at the level of international organizations, in the event that the country absolutely refuses to implement its obligations
Illiberalism and the rule of law
No full textNačelo pravne države predstavlja temeljno vrednoto Evropske unije in njenih držav članic. V 21. stoletju pa so se na oblast v določenih državah članicah EU povzpele iliberalne politične stranke oziroma stranke, ki zagovarjajo iliberalno politično ideologijo, ki pogosto prihaja v konflikt z načelom pravne države. Stranke na volitvah nastopajo s političnimi programi, ki v obliki predlogov javnih politik, odražajo politično ideologijo, ki jo določena stranka zagovarja. Magistrsko delo, na osnovi kritičnega branja programov najbolj izpostavljenih iliberalnih političnih strank na Madžarskem in Poljskem, ugotavlja, da programske določbe na Poljskem prihajajo v konflikt z načelom pravne države. V zvezi z Madžarsko pa magistrsko delo ugotavlja, da kljub uresničenim javnim politikam, ki kršijo načelo pravne države, zaradi odsotnosti podrobnih programskih določb, politični program ne odraža negativnega odnosa iliberalizma do pravne države. Evropska unija se je na porast iliberalizma odzvala z uvedbo različnih pravnih in političnih instrumentov, ki poskušajo preprečiti degradacijo pravne države v državah članicah EU. Magistrsko delo zato obravnava tudi instrument, ki ga je uvedla Uredba (EU) 2020/2092 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 16. decembra 2020 in na podlagi njegove uporabe zaključuje, da gre za do sedaj edini učinkovit, na novo uvedeni, samostojni instrument za zaščito načela pravne države v posameznih državah članicah EU.The rule of law is a fundamental value of the European Union and its Member States. However, in the 21st century, illiberal political parties have risen to power in some EU Member States, or parties that advocate an illiberal political ideology that often conflicts with the rule of law. Parties stand for election with political programmes which, in the form of public policy proposals, reflect the political ideology advocated by a particular party. Based on a critical reading of the programmes of the most prominent illiberal political parties in Hungary and Poland, the master\u27s thesis concludes that the provisions of political programmes in Poland conflict with the rule of law. In relation to Hungary, the thesis concludes that, despite the implementation of public policies that violate the rule of law, the absence of detailed provisions means that the political programme does not reflect illiberalism\u27s negative attitude towards the rule of law. The European Union has responded to the rise of illiberalism by introducing various legal and political instruments that seek to prevent the degradation of the rule of law in EU Member States. The master\u27s thesis therefore also examines the instrument introduced by Regulation (EU) 2020/2092 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 and concludes, on the basis of its application, that it is the only effective, newly introduced, stand-alone instrument to date for the protection of the rule of law in individual EU Member States
ROLE OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC IN SLOVENIAN (CONSTITUTIONAL) LEGAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM
Full text linkSlovenski model političkog sustava, razmatra se u tekstu, podrazumijeva da predsjednik ima samo reprezentativne, inicijativne i protokolarne funkcije. Po Elgijevoj definiciji, Slovenija bi mogla biti
uvrštena gotovo u polupredsjedničke režime, pa stoga valja razmotriti
povijesne, ustavne i političke okolnosti u kojima je nastala i razvijala
se uloga predsjednika republike u slovenskome političkom sustavu.
Nakon podrobne analize političke tradicije i kulture, napose razvoja
ustavne kulture, autor analizira i ustavno-političku praksu kao i rezultate izbora za predsjednika republike, njihovu političku orijentaciju, i razliku između ustavnih ovlaštenja i predsjedničkih performansi.
U zaključku se iznosi ocjena da Slovenija nema moćnog predsjednika
države, nego simboličnoga, unatoč činjenici da se predsjednik bira na neposrednim izborima, pa stoga politički sustav Slovenije valja uvrstiti u kategoriju “parlamentarnog sustava s predsjednikom”.
Pošto je povijest individualnog predsjedništva u Sloveniji još vrlo
kratka, trenutačno je teško ocijeniti sve njegove važne aspekte, a tek
će budući razvoj dovoljno pouzdano pokazati koje su stvarne mogućnosti i ograničenja predsjednika Republike kao pravnog i političkog aktera.The Slovenian model of political system envisages that the president
of the Republic has only representative, initiative and protocolary
functions. According to Elgie’s definition, Slovenia might be categorized as a sort of a semipresidential regime; hence, the historical, constitutional and political circumstances in which the role of the president of the Republic in the Slovenian political system should be looked into. After a careful analysis of the political tradition and culture, and the development of the constitutional culture in particular, the author analyzes the constitutional-political practice and the results of the presidential elections, their political orientation and the difference between the constitutional powers and the presidential performances.
The author concludes that Slovenia does not have a powerful but a symbolic president of the state, despite the fact that the presidents
are elected directly; consequently, the political system of Slovenia
should be classified as a “parliamentary system with a president”.
Since the history of the individual presidency in Slovenia is still very short, for the time being it is very hard to assess all its major aspects; only the future developments will reliably demonstrate the
real competences and the constraints of the president of the Republic
as a legal and political actor
Ethical perspective of the future development of law
Full text linkLaw, by its very nature, is human and humane. The humanity of law means that law is a product of man and is intended for man. The humaneness of law, however, means that human dignity and well-being must be the fundamental basis of law. Law, therefore, does not exist without a sufficient ethical foundation. The establishment of a state governed by the rule of law, and a legal culture based on it requires a particularly strong anchoring of law in ethical values. The greatest threats to ethics and law are (1) ethical deficits in areas of society on which law (co-)depends, (2) extreme authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, and (3) autonomous artificial intelligence capable of turning away from humans or even turning against and overcoming humans. In the first two cases, the humaneness of law is critically reduced or even extinguishedin the last case, both the humaneness and the humanity of law are extinguished, which is the worst possible scenario. All these dangers must be recognized in time and adequately averted, and regular efforts must be made to preserve the ethical values and the values of the rule of law.Pravo je po svoji naravi človeško in humano. Človeškost prava pomeni, da je pravo izdelek človeka in je namenjeno človeku. Humanost prava pa pomeni, da morajo biti človekovo dostojanstvo in blagostanje temeljna osnova prava. Pravo tako ne obstaja brez zadostne etične podlage. Ustanovitev države, ki temelji na vladavini prava, in pravne kulture, ki temelji na njej, zahteva posebej močno ukoreninjenost prava v etičnih vrednotah. Največje grožnje etiki in pravu so (1) etični primanjkljaji na področjih družbe, od katerih je pravo (so)odvisno, (2) ekstremni avtoritarni in totalitarni režimi ter (3) avtonomna umetna inteligenca, ki je sposobna obrniti hrbet človeku ali se celo upreti in prevladati nad človekom. V prvih dveh primerih se humanost prava kritično zmanjša ali celo ugasnev zadnjem primeru se ugasne tako humanost kot človeškost prava, kar je najslabši možen scenarij. Vse te nevarnosti je treba pravočasno prepoznati in ustrezno preprečiti ter si redno prizadevati za ohranjanje etičnih vrednot in vrednot vladavine prava
Ideološki vidiki razmerja med (demokratično) politiko in pravom
Full text linkPojem ideologije ima kljub različnim opredelitvam nekatere skupne imenovalce, med katere sodijo predvsem primarno politični pomen ideologije, njena deskriptivno-preskriptivna narava, akcijska in vrednostno-ciljna usmerjenost, usmerjenost k ljudskim množicam, poenostavljenost, shematičnost ter predstavitev v motivacijskem duhu. Tudi demokratična politika in pravo sta ideološko pogojena, pri čemer je pravo na eni strani izraz in sredstvo oblastne ideologije, na drugi strani pa tudi izraz avtonomne pravne ideologije, ki postavlja določene meje politični ideologiji. Ideologijo prava oziroma pravne države na eni strani vzpostavljajo oziroma instrumentalizirajo politični akterji, na drugi strani pa tudi pravni akterji (predvsem iz poklicnih slojev pravnikov). V obeh primerih se je treba izogibati vrednostno negativni oziroma družbeno destruktivni ideologizaciji prava in pravne države, ki spodbuja v javnosti bodisi precenjevanje bodisi podcenjevanje vloge in pomena prava v družbi. Še posebej pa se je treba izogibati takšni ideologizaciji prava, ki se kaže v politizaciji pravne stroke in pravnih (npr. pravosodnih) institucij
Ideološki vidiki razmerja med (demokratično) politiko in pravom
Full text linkPojem ideologije ima kljub različnim opredelitvam nekatere skupne imenovalce, med katere sodijo predvsem primarno politični pomen ideologije, njena deskriptivno-preskriptivna narava, akcijska in vrednostno-ciljna usmerjenost, usmerjenost k ljudskim množicam, poenostavljenost, shematičnost ter predstavitev v motivacijskem duhu. Tudi demokratična politika in pravo sta ideološko pogojena, pri čemer je pravo na eni strani izraz in sredstvo oblastne ideologije, na drugi strani pa tudi izraz avtonomne pravne ideologije, ki postavlja določene meje politični ideologiji. Ideologijo prava oziroma pravne države na eni strani vzpostavljajo oziroma instrumentalizirajo politični akterji, na drugi strani pa tudi pravni akterji (predvsem iz poklicnih slojev pravnikov). V obeh primerih se je treba izogibati vrednostno negativni oziroma družbeno destruktivni ideologizaciji prava in pravne države, ki spodbuja v javnosti bodisi precenjevanje bodisi podcenjevanje vloge in pomena prava v družbi. Še posebej pa se je treba izogibati takšni ideologizaciji prava, ki se kaže v politizaciji pravne stroke in pravnih (npr. pravosodnih) institucij
Human rights between politics and law
No full textČlovekove pravice izvirajo iz enovite, vendar v racionalni refleksiji razčlenjene in kompleksne etično-filozofske ideje o varstvu temeljnih človekovih dobrin, ki ima posebno vlogo v politiki in pravu. Človekove pravice se v politični in pravni dimenziji do neke mere izražajo na enovit način, v precejšnji meri pa imajo različne izraznosti in funkcije, ki so posledica različnosti politike in prava. Razumevanje politično-pravnega dualizma človekovih pravic ima poseben pomen za ohranjanje in razvijanje demokracije in pravne države. Človekove pravice se namreč lahko resnično uveljavljajo le v demokratičnem političnem sistemu, ki temelji na osnovnih načelih političnega liberalizma ter spoštuje načela koncepta pravne države (vladavine prava). Pri tem mora po eni strani med demokratično politiko in pravno državo obstajati ustrezen sistem zavor in ravnovesij (checks and balances), ki učinkovito zagotavlja varstvo človekovih pravic, po drugi strani pa je čvrsta zavest o potrebi spoštovanja človekovih pravic nujni prvi pogoj za obstoj demokracije in pravne države.Human rights arise from a single ethical-philosophical idea about the protection of fundamental human goods, which is broken down and complex in rational reflection and has a special role to play in politics and law. Although to some extent human rights are expressed uniformly in the political and legal dimensions, at the same time they have different manifestations and functions as a consequence of the differences in politics and law. Understanding the political- legal dualism of human rights is particularly important for the preservation and development of democracy and the rule of law. Indeed, human rights can only be truly realised in a democratic political system based on the fundamental principles of political liberalism and which respects the principles of the concept of the rule of law. In this context, on one hand there must be an adequate system of checks and balances between democratic politics and the rule of law that effectively guarantees the protection of human rights while, on the other, firm awareness of the need to respect human rights is a precondition for the existence of democracy and the rule of law
Koliko prava potrebuje šolstvo?
Full text linkPravo je v svoji idealni podobi varuh svobode in avtonomije šolstva, šolstvo pa mora kot del svoje odgovornosti sprejeti tudi spoštljiv in odgovoren odnos do pravne države. Praksa v Sloveniji pretirano odstopa od takšnega ideala. Preobsežno in neustrezno pravno urejanje zmanjšuje šolsko svobodo in avtonomijo. Posledice v šolskem sistemu so delno ignoriranje predpisov in posledično njihova neučinkovitost, prekomerno pravno administriranje v šolah, povečani odpor učiteljev do prava, njihova demotiviranost ter zato slabša kakovost učnega procesa. Pravo je tu le del problema. Le-ta ima svoje korenine predvsem v splošni vrednostni dezorientiranosti družbe. Za vzpostavitev prave mere in načina pravnega urejanja šolskega sistema je zato treba najprej ozdraviti in učvrstiti moralne in zdravorazumske temelje družbe
Conscientious Objection (General Aspects and the Slovenian Regulation of Conscientious Objection to Abortion)
Full text linkThis article discusses the theoretical aspects of conscientious objection. It is primarily a moral category. In relation to law, it is the disobedience of an individual to certain legal norms (principles and rules) that conflict with the individual\u27s moral conscience. Conscientious objection differs in several respects from other forms of disobedience to authority, such as civil disobedience. As a moral phenomenon, conscientious objection is first and foremost the inner moral obligation of an individual to resist a particular political, legal or other norm of authority or behaviour. Conscientious objection may also be permitted by law, but to a very limited extent. Conscientious objection can only be defined as a right in a rationalized reflection of morality and, above all, in the sphere of law which is based on the dualism of rights and duties (attributive-imperative character of law). In the article, some important factors for the legal assessment of the (right to) conscientious objection and some fundamental aspects of the Slovenian constitutional and legal regulation of the right to conscientious objection to abortion by a physician are presented in more detail
Ethical Perspective of the Future Development of Law
Full text linkLaw, by its very nature, is human and humane. The humanity of law means that law is a product of man and is intended for man. The humaneness of law, however, means that human dignity and well-being must be the fundamental basis of law. Law, therefore, does not exist without a sufficient ethical foundation. The establishment of a state governed by the rule of law, and a legal culture based on it requires a particularly strong anchoring of law in ethical values. The greatest threats to ethics and law are (1) ethical deficits in areas of society on which law (co-)depends, (2) extreme authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, and (3) autonomous artificial intelligence capable of turning away from humans or even turning against and overcoming humans. In the first two cases, the humaneness of law is critically reduced or even extinguished; in the last case, both the humaneness and the humanity of law are extinguished, which is the worst possible scenario. All these dangers must be recognized in time and adequately averted, and regular efforts must be made to preserve the ethical values and the values of the rule of law
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