1,721,082 research outputs found
The use of human immunodeficiency virus resistance tests in clinical practice
No full textImportant progress has been made in recent years in the development and clinical use of drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Nevertheless, when antiretroviral therapy fails to be fully suppressive, new viral variants emerge, thus allowing HIV-1 to escape from drug pressure by accumulating mutations. Between 50% and 70% of treated patients with virological rebound harbour some form of drug-resistant virus; transmitted drug resistance in drug-naïve populations has reached 5-20% in areas of the world with access to treatment. The emergence of drug-resistant viruses remains the limiting factor in HIV-1 management, being a major cause of treatment failure, and being associated with clinical progression and death. All international guidelines focus on the importance of tailoring antiretroviral therapy to the individual patient, on the basis onf HIV-1 genetic data, integrated with clinical, laboratory and therapeutic information. The aim of this review is to provide useful information to clinicians and virologists about how and when to use genotypic resistance testing in clinical practice, especially in the management of the first stages of HIV-1 patient care and treatment decisions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Viral resistance in HCV infection.
No full textThe introduction of new multi-genotypic direct acting antivirals
(DAA) in clinical practice has revolutionized HCV treatment,
permitting the achievement of >95% rates of sustained
virological response in many patients. However, virological
failures can occur particularly if the treatments are sub optimal
and/or with too short duration. Failure is often associated with
development of resistance. The wide genetic variability in terms
of different genotypes and subtypes, together with the natural
presence and/or easy development of resistance during
treatment, are intrinsic characteristics of HCV that may affect
the treatment outcome and the chances of achieving a
virological cure. This review explores in detail the aspects of
HCV innate and treatment-induced resistance to new
interferon-free DAA regimens
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5'-UTR region of HCV can affect the ability of two widely used assays to assign an HCV genotype
No full textDetermination of hepatitis C virus genotype is crucial for establishing the duration of antiviral therapy and predicts response to treatment. In this study, consecutive serum samples collected from two patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were tested by two assays used widely, the Abbott RealTime HCV Genotype II and the Versant HCV Genotype 2.0 assays, in order to assign a genotype to the virus. The obtained results were verified by phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B region and sequencing of the 5'-UTR of the viral genome. Testing of the serum samples from both patients gave an indeterminate result with the Abbott assay. By contrast, the Versant assay gave an indeterminate result for one patient and identified an HCV-2b subtype in the other patient. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B region confirmed the presence of HCV-2b in this latter patient and disclosed the presence of HCV-3h in the other patient. Sequencing of the 5'-UTR revealed the presence of nucleotide changes at positions -166 and -119 of HCV-2b, and at positions -138, -108 and -99 of HCV-3h. Nucleotide mutations located in the 5'-untraslated region of hepatitis C virus may impair the ability of commercial assays to assign an HCV genotype
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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