13 research outputs found
Impact of Planned Service Level Standards on Public Route Networks in Põlva and Võru Counties
No full textHinnangud ühistranspordi kvaliteedile on subjektiivsed, kui puuduvad kindlad standardid ja nõuded, millele kliendid, vedajad ning teenuse tellijad saaks toetuda. Kliendi vaade ja teenusepakkuja vaade teenusele erineb ning ühtne arusaam teenuse kvaliteedist puudub. Teenustaseme normid aitavad luua ühtlased nõuded sellele, kuidas liinivõrk peaks toimima ja millise sagedusega ühistransport liikuma. Piirkondlikud erinevused rahvastiku paiknemises panevad proovile teenuse tellijate ja vedajate võimekuse leida optimaalseid lahendusi. Ühelt poolt püütakse katta võimalikult laia peatuste võrku, teisalt aga hoida kulud madalad.
Teoreetilises osas kirjeldas autor uurimuse tausta, andes ülevaate olulisematest kvaliteedinäitajatest ja trendidest liikuvuses ning varasematest samateemalistest uuringutest. Autor tõi välja planeeritavate teenustaseme normide näitajad ja klassid ning tutvus lepingutega, mis määravad teenuse kvaliteeti ja kus kirjeldati piirkonna liinivõrku.
Metoodilises osas tutvustas autor andmete allikaid, metoodikat, hinnatavaid ühistranspordi komponente ja erinevusi ühistranspordi korraldamisel.
Empiiriline osa esitles analüüsi tulemusi ja nende mõju liinivõrgule Mittetulundusühingu Kagu Ühistranspordikeskus piirkonnas. Analüüsi tulemusel saab öelda, et normid ilma piirkondliku arengustrateegiasse integreerimiseta teenuse kvaliteeti ilmselt ei tõsta. Olemasolev liinivõrk juba vastab paljuski planeeritavatele normidele, vajades vähesel määral muudatusi tööaegades ja mõne ühenduse lisamist. Kui analüüsi kaasata maakonnaplaneeringu keskuste loogika, siis muutub teenustaseme tõstmine põhjendatuks. Autor soovitab, et teenustaseme normidest lähtuvalt peavad maakondlikud arengustrateegiad paika panema piirkonnad ja keskused, kus tuleb ühenduste arv hoida kindlal tasemel.
Nõudepõhise transpordi suured kulud ei soosi selle kasutuselevõttu sellisel kujul nagu praegu toimiv sotsiaaltranspordi teenus või seni katsetusel olnud mudelid. Alternatiiviks nõudepõhisele ühistranspordile üleminekul oleks väiksemate busside laialdasem kasutamine regulaarliinidel. Välja pakutud lahendused eeldavad paljuski olemasoleva liinivõrgu ümberkujundamist.
Teenustasemete mõju on kvalitatiivsete normide jõustamine läbi ühtsete mõõdikute kehtestamise. Sõltuvalt liinivõrgu rahastamismudelist ja selle sõltuvusest teenustasemetest võib see tähendada ka ühenduste arvu vähendamist või lisakohustusi omavalitsustele piirkondades, kus teenustase ületab planeeritavaid norme.
Olemasoleva liinivõrgu ja ühenduste mahuga liikumisvõimalused oluliselt ei parane. Autori arvates võib kvaliteeti ohustada surve normtasandi ühenduste viimiseks baastasandile, sest rahvaarv teenuspiirkonnas pole piisav, et õigustada kõrgema taseme rakendamist.
Uute normide kehtestamine aitab ühtlustada teenuse kvaliteeti ja loob paremad mõõdikud teenuse hindamiseks. Teenustaseme normid üksi sõitjate arvu piirkonnas ei suurenda, küll aga loovad need eeldused, mis võimaldavad luua tingimused sõitjate arvu tõusuks pikemas perspektiivis.Assessments of public transport quality are subjective when there are no specific standards and requirements that customers, carriers, and service providers can rely on. The perspective of the customer and the service provider on the service differs, and there is no unified view of service quality. Service level standards help establish the foundations for how the route network should operate and at what frequency public transport should run. Regional differences in population distribution test the ability of service providers and carriers to find optimal solutions. On one hand, there is an attempt to cover as wide a network of stops as possible, while on the other hand, costs are kept low.
In the theoretical part, the author described the background of the study, providing an overview of the most important quality indicators and mobility trends, as well as previous similar studies, considering both population aging and issues of dispersed settlement. The author outlined the indicators and classes of planned service level standards. They reviewed contracts that currently determine service quality and described the regional route network.
In the methodological part, the author introduced data sources, methodology, evaluated public transport components, and differences in public transport organization.
The empirical part presented the results of the analysis and their impact on the route network in the NGO Kagu Ühistranspordikeskus service region. Based on the analysis, it can be said that without integrating standards into regional development strategies, service quality is unlikely to improve. The existing route network already largely meets the planned standards, requiring some changes in line operating hours and the addition of some connections. If the logic of county planning centers is included in the analysis, raising the service level becomes justified. The author recommends that, based on service level standards, regional development strategies must establish areas and centers where the number of connections needs to be maintained at a certain level. In the planned form, the main impact lies in establishing uniform standards and metrics throughout public transport.
The high costs of demand-based transport do not favor its adoption in its current form. As an alternative to demand-based public transport, there could be wider usage of smaller buses on regular routes. The proposed solutions largely require the restructuring of the existing route network.
The impact of service levels lies in establishing qualitative standards through the imposition of uniform metrics. Depending on the funding model of the route network and its dependence on service levels, this could also mean a decrease in the number of connections or additional obligations for local governments in areas where the service level exceeds planned standards.
The existing capacity of the route network and connections does not significantly improve mobility options. As a risk to quality, the author sees possible pressure to reduce connections to the base level because the population in the service area is not sufficient to justify a higher level. The establishment of new standards helps standardize service quality and creates better metrics for evaluating the service. Service level standards alone do not increase the number of passengers in the area, but they create conditions that allow for the creation of conditions for increasing passenger numbers in the long run
Meistrist epigooniks, epigoonist ikooniks: Jakob Liivi luule retseptsioonist. From Master to Epigone, from Epigone to Ikon: On the Reception of Jakob Liiv’s Poetry
No full textJakob Liiv (1859-1930) is an Estonian writer whom most academic literary histories and encyclopedias classify in the late-romantic, so-called epigonic literary movement of the end of the 19th century. In actuality, however, Liiv’s oeuvre took shape over a significantly longer period of time, and was quite heterogeneous with respect to genre. This article sets out to approach a single, albeit the largest segment of Liiv’s oeuvre-- the reception of his poetry, which is also the aspect most fraught with prejudice. An overview is given of the criticism of the author’s poetry, both in the latter part of the era of national awakening and thereafter. On the basis of the criticism of Liiv’s poetry in his own time, one can make the general observation that the key words in the critical literature of the 1880s and 1890s were the author, the concept of plagiarism, thematic choice, the social dimension of representation, the nationalist quality of literature, the criterion of the beauty of language, and questions of form. The question of the aesthetic value of literature is simply not raised at all. In the context of the era of russification, the primary task of literature was to preserve Estonian national consciousness. Thus it is to be expected that – particularly in poetry – epigones continued reproducing the moods of the era of national awakening. In this context Liiv is a beloved author, whose poems correspond to the image of the right kind of literature, and who by means of his allegorical songs also dares to broach contemporary public issues. During the social unrest that struck the Russian czarist empire in 1905, political censorship was relaxed and the old ideals of the readership were shattered. In the context of the revolution and the renewal of language and art fostered by the Young Estonia movement, Liiv was more and more often criticized for his emotional tepidity, outworn vocabulary, and played-out themes, but this was nevertheless not the attitude of the majority. It seems that at the beginning of the 20th century Estonian literary thought diverged into many ambiguously delineated directions. At any rate, Liiv soon disappeared from view in the literary public for many years, returning to the purview of readers only on specific occasions. As time went on, Liiv increasingly became a kind of icon of the post-national awakening period. During the years of the Estonian republic, in the volume of selected poems published in honor of the writer’s 70th birthday (1929), Liiv is raised once again to a position of honor as a patriotic poet, and voices unite to praise his achievements in advancing the language and literary form. With the publication of his memoirs (1936 and posthumously in 1938), the writer is strongly tied to his own generation. Liiv’s oeuvre becomes a sign. However, once Liiv’s iconic position is securely established, his newer poetic works are finally rediscovered. Distance in time favoured new and original discussions of Liiv’s poetry: if up till then Liiv had been regarded first and foremost as a poet of the fatherland and the time, as a poet of thought and feeling, now his nature poetry is discovered, in all its suggestiveness, emotionality, and tension. This study of the reception history of Liiv’s poetry has shown how, in the course of changes in the times and the literary taste of the readership, a master becomes an epigone, and an epigone is turned into an icon. The reception of Liiv’s poetry reflects the contradictions underlying the understanding of Estonian literature, and the development of its interpretation over time
Contact Automation For The ESTCube-2 Mission Control System
Get PDFESTCube-2 on Eesti Tudengisatelliidi Sihtasutuse satelliidi programm, mille eesmärgiks on tehnoloogiline testimine järgmiste missioonide tarbeks. Peale satelliidi orbiidile saatmist toimub suhtlemine satelliidiga maapealsete sidejaamade abil, aga kontakti aeg satelliidiga ühest maapealsest sidejaamast on väga limiteeritud . Käesoleva töö eesmärk on disainida ja implementeerida kontakti automatiseerimise tarkvaramoodul, mis võimaldab minimaalse inimese sekkumisega planeerida ja läbi viia kontakte satelliitidega. Esmane funktsioneeriv tarkvaramoodul on loodud autori poolt. Töös selgitatakse tarkvara disaini ja implementatsiooni ning ühildamist olemasoleva missioonijuhtimissüstemiga, mis on kombinatsioon tark- ja riistvarast, mille abil jälgitakse ja juhitakse orbiidil olevat satelliiti.ESTCube-2 is the first student satellite project of the Estonian Student Satellite Foundation and it's objective is the technological demonstration of scientific payloads for upcoming missions. After a satellite's launch, the communication can be done through ground stations, but the contact time is very short over a limited area at a given point in time over the earth. The aim of this thesis is to design and implement a contact automation module which can schedule and execute automatic contacts with the satellite without minimal/no human intervention. The author aims to implement the first functional version of the required software module. This thesis explains the thought process, design and implementation of the software module, including the integration with the existing ESTCube Mission Control System—a combination of software and hardware that is used for monitoring and controlling the satellite after launch
Review of the possibility of putting electric vans into use on the example of ELP Logistics OÜ
No full textAntud uurimistöö teoreetilises osas andis autor ülevaate elektrisõidukite ajaloost, elektrisõidukite laadimisstandarditest, erinevatest aku tehnoloogiatest ning elektrisõidukite trendidest maailmas. Töö uurimuse osas oli autor välja valinud neli kaubikut. Kaks kaubikut olid diisel mootoriga, millest üks oli väiksema klassi tarbesõiduk ning teine suurema klassi tarbesõiduk. Võrdluseks sai välja valitud kaks elektrikaubikut, mis olid analoogsed suuruse poolest testis olnud diisel kaubikutele. Töö eesmärgiks oli uurida ning analüüsida elektrikaubikute kasutusvõimalusi kauba transpordis. Samuti oli üks eesmärkidest teada saada, kuidas on võimalik elektrikaubikuid reaalselt kasutada ning milline on kaubikute reaalne energia ning kütusekulu. Meetod, mis autor valis andmete analüüsiks oli risttabeli võrdlus. Risttabelina sai tehtud kulude võrdlus. Kulude võrdluses sai kasutatud kaubikute ostuhinda, sõidukite energia kulu erinevate elektrihindade juures ning hoolduse kulu viie aasta ja 175,000 kilomeetri läbimisel, samuti ka jääkväärtust.
Töö eesmärgi saavutamiseks sai nelja kaubikut testitud veoringil. Kõik neli kaubikut läbisid ühe ja sama veoringi, mille pikkuseks oli 63 kilomeetrit. Antud veoring on 100% Tallinna linnasisene veoring. Marsruudil toimus keskmisel 20+ peale- ning mahalaadimist. Kogu testimine toimus talvel detsembri kuus, mis on elektrisõidukile kõige keerulisem aastaaeg. Just sellepärast on antud aastaaeg kõige halvem elektrisõidukitele, kuna siis kulub kõige rohkem energiat aku ning salongi soojendamiseks. Temperatuurid jäid vahemikku -3 kuni -9 kraadi. Kõikidele kaubikutele oli testimise ajal peale laetud kaupa. Kauba kaal jäi vahemikku 200 kuni 500 kilogrammi. Sõidukitel oli testimisel ajal sisse lülitatud soojendus.
Uurimisküsimused, millele autor vastust otsis olid järgnevad:
Kas elektrikaubikuid on võimalik kauba transpordis kuluefektiivselt rakendada?
Elektrikaubikuid on võimalik kauba transpordiks kuluefektiivselt rakendada, kuid see kõik oleneb transpordiettevõttest. Kõige suurem mõjutaja on infrastruktuuri valmisolek elektrikaubikuteks konkreetses transpordi ettevõttes, kui firmal ei ole võimalik paigaldada oma akulaadijaid elektrisõidukite laadimiseks, siis ei ole elektrikaubikutele üleminek mõistlik. Avalikes laadijates on elektrikaubiku aku laadimine üle kahe korda kallim, kui oma akulaadijas, sõltuvalt elektrihinnast. Enne oma akulaadijate paigaldamist tuleks üle vaadata ka milline on paigaldus asukohas elektrikoormuse maksimaalne piir ning uurida, millised kulutused on vajalikud, et vajadusel suurendada elektrikoormuse piiri.
Millised on kõige efektiivsemad viisid elektrikaubiku kasutamiseks?
Kõige efektiivsemad viisid elektrikaubiku kasutusel on viimase miili transpordis. Üldiselt toimub viimase miili transport linnade sees. Linnasiseses transpordis on elektrisõidukid kõige efektiivsemad oma energia kasutuses, sest elektrisõiduk suudab iga pidurdusega regenereerida energiat tagasi akusse. Eelnevalt elektrisõiduki kasutusele võtmist tuleb analüüsida, millised veoringid sisaldavad kõige rohkem linnasisest transporti ning võtta kaubikud kasutusele just nendel marsruutidel. Mida vähem sõidab elektrikaubik suurel kiirusel maanteel seda suurem on läbisõit ühe akutäiega.
Autori poolsed ettepanekud: Selleks, et oleks võimalik süsinikuvaba kauba transport elektrikaubikutega on vaja paljudel transpordi ettevõtetel teha palju analüüse elektrikaubikute kasutusele võtmiseks. Alates veoringi analüüsidest kuni infrastruktuuri analüüsini välja. Minu uurimistöö tulemuste järgi võib öelda, et elektrikaubikuid on mõistlik kasutada ettevõtetel, kellel on palju linnasisest transporti ning samuti ei ole vaja teha suuri investeeringuid laadimistaristus ehitusse. Paljud ettevõtted võivad aga tulemuseks saada, et kogu investeering elektrisõidukitesse ei tasu neil ära. Selleks peab elektrimasinate hind langema ning riigil peaks olema toetusmeede väiksematele ettevõtetele, jätkusuutlikumale energiale üleminekuks.
Käesolev uurimistöö on kasulik kõigile transpordi ettevõtetele, kes soovivad minna üle loodust säästvamale kauba transpordile. Paljud väiksemad transpordi ettevõtted ei ole veel mõelnud süsinikneutraalsele kauba transpordile, kuna neil ei ole ressursse, et antud analüüsi läbi viia. Antud uurimistöö peaks aitama kõigil neil ettevõtetel lihtsustada kogu info analüüsimisprotsessi.The following thesis English title is Review of the possibility of putting electric vans into use on the example of ELP Logistics OÜ. When choosing the topic of this research, the author was based on the topicality of the topic. This is a topic that is very topical, as the European Union plans to ban the sale of vehicles with an internal combustion engine by 2035. This has put many transport companies under pressure to move towards more environmentally friendly freight transport. In addition, many European countries have plans to switch to renewable energy sources in the future, which gives a great advantage to the sustainability of electric vehicles. Also, the topic is very fascinating for the author because it is a global problem that almost every country tries to find a solution. The selection of the topic was also based on the fact that there is very little information about the pros and cons of the real use of electric vans, and because of this, many companies in the logistics sector have many questions about this topic.
For the purpose of the work, four vans were tested on cargo route. All four vans went through the same driving route, which was 63 km long. This transport route was 100% Tallinn's intra-city transport run. On average, 20+ loading and unloading took place on the route. All testing took place in the winter in the month of December, which is the most difficult time of the year for an electric vehicle. That is why this time of the year is the best for electric vehicles, as it takes the most energy and heating the cabin. Temperatures ranged from -3 to -9 degrees. All vans were loaded with goods during testing. The weight of the goods ranged from 200 to 500 kilograms. The vehicles had the heating on during testing.
The research questions that the author sought to answer were the following:
Are electric vans possible to use to transport goods cost-effectively?
Electric vans are possible to use to transport goods cost-effectively, but it all depends on the transport company. The biggest influence is the readiness of the infrastructure for electric vans. If the company is not able to install battery chargers for electric charging, then there is no point in transitioning to electric vans. In public chargers, charging the battery of an electric van is more than twice as expensive as with your own battery charger, due to the price of electricity. Before installing your battery chargers, companies should also check what is the maximum electrical load limit of the installation site is and do research on what expenses are necessary to increase the electrical load limit.
What are the most efficient ways to use an electric van?
The most efficient ways to use electric vans are in last mile transport. Generally, last mile transport takes place within cities. In urban transport, electric vehicles are the most efficient in their energy usage. The electric vehicle can regenerate energy back into the battery with every braking. Before buying an electric vehicle, it is necessary to analyse which transport routes contain the most city transport and to introduce vans on these routes. The less the electric van drives at high speed on the highway, the greater the mileage with one battery charge.
Author's suggestions: In order to be able to transport carbon-free goods with electric vans, it is necessary for many transport companies to do a lot of analysis for the introduction of electric vans. From transport route analysis to infrastructure analysis. However, many companies may find that the full investment in electric vehicles does not pay off for them. For this, the price of electric machines must fall, and the state should have a support measure for smaller companies to switch to more sustainable energy
Windrow composting of sludge in winter conditions
Get PDFMagistritöö
Vesiehitus ja veekaitse õppekavalEesti reoveepuhastites on üheks peamiseks probleemiks reoveesette kompostimine just
talvistes oludes, kuna madal temperatuur pidurdab protsesse kompostimisel või ei lase
sellel üldse toimuda. Seetõttu on levinud praktika, et talvistes tingimustes sete lihtsalt
kogutakse platsidele ning kompostimisega jätkatakse alles kevadel kui sete ja aunad on
üles sulanud. See toob aga kaasa asjaolu, et kompostimiseks sobilik aeg on lühem ning
nõuab sellevõrra ka suuremaid platse, kompost haiseb, ei stabiliseeru ning kõik see seab
kahtluse all settekomposti tootena sertifitseerimise.
Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks oli uurida, kas ja millistes tingimustes on võimalik talvistes
oludes reoveesetet aunkompostida. Ühtlasi püüti välja selgitada, kas välitingimustes
kompostitud sete stabiliseerubmääruse nr 78 nõuetele kohaselt ning kas valimisse võetud
neljas reoveepuhastis valitsevad olud on kooskõlas määruse nr 24 nõuetega.
Käesoleva töö jaoks koguti andmed suvise ja talvise katse käigus. Tulemustest selgub, et
aunkompostimine on talvistes oludes võimalik, kui kasutada sobilikku tugimaterjali ning
optimeerida protsess. Suvise katse käigus semperatuur tõusis ning stabiilsus saavutati, kuid
talvise katse käigus temperatuur ei tüusnud piisavalt ja stabiilsust ei saavutatud. Mõlemaga
jõuti siiski piirväärtuse ligidale, mis tähendab, et kõigis puhastites tuleb sertifitseerimise
edendamiseks teha tööd, millest osa on tehnilist, osa organisatoorset laadi.One of the main problems in Estonian wastewater treatment plants is composting of sewage
sludge especially in winter conditions, because the low temperature slows down the
process in composting or makes it impossible to take place at all. Therefore, it is common
practice in winter conditions that sewage sludge is simply collected in the fields and
composting continues in the spring when the sludge and windrows are melted. This leads
to the fact that the time for composting is shorter and as a result, larger fields are requirred,
the compost stinks and does not stabilize, this calls into question about the certification of
the sediment compost as a product. The aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate
whether and in which conditions it is possible to windrow compost of the sludge in winter
conditions. Also author of the work tried to find out whether the composted sediment in
the outdoor conditions will stabilize in accordance with the requirements of regulations
No. 78 and whether the conditions of the sampled four wastewater treatment plants were
in accordance with the requirements of regulation No. 24. Data for the thesis was collected
during the experiment in the summer and winter. The results show that windrow
composting is possible in winter conditions by using suitable support material and
optimizing the process. High temperature and stability was achieved during the experiment
in the summer, not in the winter. Both parameters, however, were close to limit value which
shows d that in all wastewater treatment plants both technical and organizational kind of
work is needed to promote certification
Tänusõnadega Meelis Kihulase vastselt ilmunud raamatule / To Kihulane and his book, with gratitude
No full textEstonian traditional woodwork varies widely in its technical and design aspects, but for recent generations this amazing wealth has been accessible only via museum displays. Fortunately, there are people who have dedicated themselvesto bringing heritage crafts back to life. Sooner or later the practitioners of traditional crafts arrive at an understanding that technical knowledge is not enough: at least half the quality of the final result depends on finding suitable materialto work with, and on how this material has been collected, stored, and prepared. The choice of good and appropriate tools is also key. As the author states in the introduction to this book, a good working knowlege of each tree species’ woodcharacteristics is the basis for all subsequent work.
Estonian traditional crafts have undergone a revival during the past decades. Meelis Kihulane is one of the guiding stars of this process, being skilled at making bentwood objects, one of the most complex areas of traditional crafts. Even more importantly he has now completed a book. This book is accompanied with videos which, with their easy-to-follow instructions, provide information for each stage of the work process of a kind that could not be conveyed by merely verbal descriptions.
This enables his fans and followers to embark upon making their own bentwood objects, guided through the most difficult phases of the work by the master’s peacefully narrated instructions. Some people may be more inclined to woodworking than others, but perhaps the trees themselves have taught master Kihulane such a meditative, yet very efficient, way of working and teaching
Polüvinüleendifluoriidi kasutamine “twisting-ball” tüüpi kuvari aktiivelemendi valmistamiseks
Get PDFVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Töö „PVDF (polülinüleendifluoriid) kasutamine twisting-ball tüüpi kuvari aktiivelemendi valmistamiseks“ eesmärgiks oli töötada välja tehnoloogilised protsessid selle materjali eriomaduste kasutamiseks, sealhulgas tema pinna keemiliseks modifitseerimiseks ja katmiseks anorgaanilise (alumiiniumoksiid) kihiga.
E- paber (valgustpeegeldav kuvar) erineb oluliselt tavapärastest emiteerivatest ekraanidest - taustvalgusega vedelkristallkuvarid ( LCD) , plasmapaneelid (PDP) ja valgusdioodekraanid. E-paber (LED) muudab oma värvust ja peegeldab tagasi välisvalgust nagu tavaline paber. Et puudub vajadus valguse tekitamise järele, on nad äärmiselt energiasäästlikud. See suurendab kaasaskantavate seadmete (e-lugerid) aku eluiga, sest energiatarve staatilise pildi kuvamisel on null, energiat kulub ainulty pildi vahetamisel või video esitamisel ( ekraanid on bistabiilsed ) . Sellised seadmed on odavad, tugevad, vastupidavad. Neid on võimalik valmistada plastkilest, kasutades roll- to-roll tehnoloogiat ja olla seetõttu painduvad
Twisting-ball tehnoloogia („Gyricon“), üks võimalusi e-paberi valmistamiseks, leiutati Xeroxi uurimiskeskuses Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ). Selline ekraan koosneb õhukesest läbipaistvast silikoonkilest, milles paiknevad kahevärvilised sfäärilised polariseeritud osakesed. Iga pall kujutab endast elektrilist dipooli (on valmistatud elektreetsest materjalist, mis on püsimagneti elektriline analoog) ja asub kileõõnsuses, miks on täidetud dielektrilise vedelikuga. Kui ekraani juhtpinge on konstantne või null, „kleepub“ palli elektrostaatuilise jõu toimel õõnsuse seina külge.
Juhtpinge polaarsuse muutmisel hakkab pall liikuma süvendi vastasseina poole. Palli mikroasümmeetriad põhjustavad tema telje kõrvalekaldumise ja tekib pöörav jõumoment. Osake pöördub teistpidi ja vahetab vaataja poole suunatud külge. Sellist ekraani on lihtne valmistada, ta on odav ja energiasäästlik ning silmasõbralik, sest sarnaneb tavalisele trükitud paberile.
Algse Xerox Gyriconi aktiivelement ( pallid ) ekraanid olid valmistatud erinevatesti vahadest või polüetüleenist ja elektriliselt laetud suhteliselt stohhastilise protsessi tulemusena, mistõttu osakeste laengud erinesid üksteisest. Tänu kasutavate materjalide madalatele elektreetsetele omadustele tuli kasutada kõrgeid juhtpingeid, mis oli suureks probleemiks miniatuursete kantavate seadmete valmistamisel. 1990ndatel otsustas Xerox katkestada sellealase teadus-ja arendustegevuse .
Autor tegi ettepaneku kasutada aktiivelemendi materjalina polüvinüleendifluoriidi, PVDF on üks tugevamaid ja stabiilsemaid elekteete tänu sellele, et polariseerimisel toimub kristallstruktuuri muutumine ja polariseeritud kristalli (β-faas)siseenergia on madalam polariseerimata kristalli omast (α-faas).
Kuid PVDF on keemiliselt inertne materjal ja on ka äärmiselt hüdrofoobne, tema pinna värvimine ja katmine on praktiliselt võimatu . Nii sai tema kasutamine e-paberi jms rakendustes võimalikuks alles vastava pinnatöötlemise viisi leiutamise järel. Selleks modifitseeritakse pinda esmalt keemiliselt (kasvatatakse külge imeõhuke polüstüreeni kiht), et muuta see hüdrofiilseks, seejärel sadestatakse pinnale suhteliselt paks läbipaistmatu (valge) alumiiniumoksiidi kiht.
Leidsime, et soovitavaid tulemusi võib saavutada, kasutades ATRP reaktsiooni (atom transfer radical polymerization ). See lubab polümeeri koostises olevatele halogeeniahelatele liita erinevaid monomeere. Kasutades vaskkatalüsatorit, mis koosnes CuCI ja CuCl2 kompleksist TRENiga (tris(2-aminoeüül)amiin) õnnestus PVDF-i pinnal tekitada hüdrofiilne polüstüreenikiht. Reaktsioonitingimuste (kontsentratsioonid, temperatuur9 muutmisega oli kihi omadusi võimalik soovitavas suunas muuta.
Osakeste heade optiliste omaduste (läbipaistmatus, peegeldumisvõime) saavutamiseks oli vajalik osakeste katmine ühtlase alumiiniumoksiidi kihiga. See oli ka töö üks kriitilisemaid etappe. Perfektse tulemuse saavutasime, kui tekitasime harjaselises sadestatud polüstüreenikihis kristallisatsioonitsentrid trimetüülalumiiniumi ja vee reageerimisel mng hiljem sadestasime neile sol-gel meetodil paksu oksiidikihi analoogselt alumiiniumoksiidi monodisperssete mikrososakeste valmistamisele. Selleks sadestasime pinnale aeglaselt alumiiniumoksiidi alumiiniumi soolade lahusest, kontrollides lahuse pH-d ja seega ka sadestamiskiirust karbamiidi termilise lagundamise abil.
Hiljem polariseeriti alumiiniumoksiidiga kaetud osakesed koroonalahenduse abil, olles eelnevalt kinnitanud nad kleepkilele. Seejärel värviti pallikeste üks poolkera mustaks.
Osakesed segati vedela kahekomponendilise silikooniga, formeeriti kile ja see kuivatati. Õõnsused osakeste pöörlemise võimaldamiseks saadi kile töötlemisel heksaaniga.
Saadud kile paigutati kahe elektroodi vahele (vaatajapoolne elektrood läbipaistev, indium-tinaoksiidiga kaetud klaas) ja uuriti kuvari mudeli käitumist.
Töötati välja ka osakese käitumist kirjeldav matemaatiline mudel (diferentsiaalvõrrandite süsteem), mis lahendati Runge-Kutta meetodil, kasutades programmi MATHLAB.
Tulemusena tõestati uuritava materjali sobivus antud tüüpi kuvari valmistamiseks ja töötati välja tehnoloogiline järgnevus.E-paper (reflective) displays are fundamentally different from the conventional emissive flat panel displays as backlight liquid crystal displays (LCD), plasma display panels (PDP) and light emitting diode (LED) displays in the following way: they reflect ambient light lake paper and are extremely energy efficient. This increases battery lifetime in portable devices, as their power consumption, when displaying a static image, is zero. They only require power when changing the image or presenting video (bi-stability). Therefore, these devices could be low cost, robust, durable and flexible, and can be (eventually) made on plastics using roll-to-roll manufacturing methods.
A twisting-ball display is a kind of electrophoretic information display invented at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) and called “Gyricon”. This kind of display consists of a thin layer of transparent silicone where bichromal spherical polarised particles (“balls”) are dispersed. Each ball is an electrical dipole and is placed in the cavity film filled with dielectric fluid. The diameter of the cavity is 10–30% greater than the diameter of the balls. When the control voltage is constant or zero, the ball is “glued” to the wall of the cavity.
When the polarity of the control voltage is changed, the ball begins to move towards the opposite wall of the cavity. Microscopic asymmetries and the “rolling effect” cause a deviation of the axis of the electrical dipole from the direction of the electrical field. Then an electrostatic torque appears and causes the ball to rotate and different coloured hemisphere will be exposed to the viewer. The displays based on such physical principles are highly bi-stable, robust, easy to manufacture and have very low power consumption as the image is being formed using ambient light, similar to conventional printed paper.
The active elements (balls) of Xerox Gyricon displays were made of different waxes or polyethylene and were charged by a stochastic process that caused each particle to have a slightly different charge. Because of this the dipole charges of the balls were low and unequal and the required control voltages were high. Therefore, the quality of the image was insufficient for market needs. In the 1990s Xerox discontinued Gyricon R&D activities.
The author of this work suggested an alternative method for preparing the bichromal polarised particles, made of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). This material is an electret with an extremely high residual electric field. During the polarisation process the charged –CF and -CH groups align themselves in the crystal structure of the dielectric material following the direction of the electrostatic field, producing a permanent electrostatic bias. Therefore, it was suggested that the electret properties of this material could be used for preparation of the active elements for the twisting ball display.
However, as PVDF is chemically inert material and extremely hydrophobic, coloring and covering of its surface is impossible. Its usage in this kind of applications wasn't possible until efficient process of chemical modification of PVDF surface with polystyrene layer and thereafter coating with a non-transparent alumina layer was proposed. As a relatively thick layer of inorganic material was needed for the “twisting ball” display elements, a new approach for directed alumina deposition was invented, starting from alumina formation from interior of the polystyrene layer.
It was found that the ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) reaction can be used for chemical functionalisation and grafting of spherical PVDF particles with polystyrene. The copper catalyst, consisting of mixture of CuCl and CuCl2 in complex with TREN was used for the initiation of the process. The rate of the grafting process as well as the properties of the polystyrene layer could be governed through variation of the ratio of copper salts used, but also by variation of the reaction time. These results were in agreement with the general mechanism of ATRP reactions, and provided a good possibility for optimisation of the surface functionalisation technology. In addition another possibility for PVDF surface grafting was discovered, probably including the base-catalysed carbanion formation and the following anionic polymerisation of styrene on the surface of the particles.
To improve the opto-mechanical properties of PVDF particles it was important to obtain uniform coating of the particles by alumina layer. This objective was reached by developing the two-step alumina deposition procedure, where the preliminary functionalisation of the PVDF surface with polystyrene brushes was the most critical step. The presence of this polystyrene layer was used for the initial deposition of alumna particles into the polystyrene structure by using hydrolysis of trimethyl aluminium, followed by the controlled alumina precipitation procedure from water solution.
Afterwards the alumina-covered particles were polarised, their electrostatic bias was generated by using the corona charge. One hemisphere of the alumina coated particles was coloured and thereafter, the PVDF “balls” used for building of the model display element, to demonstrate voltage controlled movement of the particles.
The particles were deposited in transparent liquid silicone mix, the film was formed and cured. The cavities for enabling the balls’ rotation were formed by processing the film in pure hexane.
Then the film was placed between two control electrodes. One of these electrodes was transparent glass plate covered with ITO (indium tin oxide). The behaviour of the particles in this model display element was compared with the theoretical model.
In our study we demonstrated the possibility of using PVDF as a material of the active element for twisting-ball displays. The process of fictionalization and covering the PVDF particles' surface, and poling and colouring the particles was proposed and tested in the case of a functional model of the display element.
Finally, a mathematical model that described the behaviour of an elementary cell of the twisting-ball display was introduced that gave a theoretical insight into the ball shift and rotation movements, and allowed description of the dependence between the luminance and rotation time in the case of different physical parameters of the active element (poled ball).
Taken together, the study confirmed that PVDF might be a proper material for the preparation of active elements of a twisting-ball displa
Juhan Liivi käsitus luulekunstist / Juhan Liiv's Conception of Poetics
No full textTeesid: Artikkel tutvustab Juhan Liivi (1864–1913) luulekäsitust. Liivi mõtlemise selgust ja rangust on senistes tõlgendustes alahinnatud. Uurimuses näitan, et Liivi mõtteavaldustest vormub selge esteetiline programm. Liivi arusaam luulekunstist ilmneb kõige terviklikumal kujul tema kirjutises „Ääremärkused“. Selline lähenemine oponeerib kultuuri üldises teadvuses kajastuvale kujutlusele Liivist kui traagilise saatusega nõrgameelsest luuletajast.
S U M M A R Y
This paper gives an overview of Juhan Liiv's (1864–1913) poetic analysis and concludes that Liiv's observations form a clear aesthetic framework, a claim that subverts the general cultural depiction of Liiv as a weak-minded poet with a tragic destiny. However, one could argue that the clarity and strictness of Liiv's poetic comprehension has been greatly underestimated – a comprehension that is especially direct and profound in his essay ”Marginalia“ (”Ääremärkused“).
In the first section, the author observes how Liiv's artistic sense has been viewed in earlier interpretations. Although Liiv's artistic perceptions were analyzed to some degree by Friedebert Tuglas, the first important researcher of Liiv's work, they have gained ground in the new millennium with the work of Jüri Talvet, whose selection of verses and fragments of Liiv’s poetry show Liiv’s poetic understanding in a new light.
The second section maps the manifestations of Liiv’s viewpoints, which are also reflected outside of Liiv’s poetic creations. From the perspective of poetic analysis, ”Marginalia“, written in the final years of his life, conceptualizes poetry much more than any of his previous work, but because the manuscript has received less attention, it is not considered to be the heart of Liiv’s canon. This paper thus aggregates Liiv’s artistic observations of his remaining work into one system.
The third section focuses on the interpretation of ”Marginalia“, drawing from the manuscript since the essay itself was published only as excerpts. Vague and ambiguous imagery has been a defining feature of Liiv’s literary style, which has often confused readers, but he consistently uses basic forms of expression and few concepts in his discussion. As a whole, ”Marginalia“ follows a logical train of thought to highlight Liiv’s core viewpoints and describes principles and poetic techniques that are useful for nurturing the effects of poetic content.
This paper’s fourth section observes Liiv’s understanding of aesthetics. Since Liiv’s poetry is considered improvisational, his strict poetic observations are surprising, and while his train of thought loosely follows that of realism, it does not adhere to the canon of realism. Liiv suggests that to best portray an experience in poetry, one must depict the object of that experience as clearly as possible. Life, then, must be depicted as realistically as possible to most efficiently communicate the described experience and thus increase the impact of poetry. Therefore, it is pointless to view Liiv’s aesthetic principles as canonized aesthetic comprehension, but rather as a representation of the inner workings of his thoughts based on the points he has stressed. This interpretation of poetics encourages a depiction of only the most shallow aspects of life, and as such, one could consider Liiv’s aesthetic interpretations to be the aesthetics of poverty.
The final section of this paper deals with Liiv’s understanding of poetics. When observing poetry in ”Marginalia“, Liiv first examines the smallest poetic unit—the poetic word—and then attempts to define poetic wording. According to Liiv, the most important function of the poetic word is the referential function, and the poetic function is only as important as its ability to amplify the referential function of a word. He claims that it is unnecessary to distinguish a word with poetic devices or highlight the wording of the poem itself; rather, words should be made invisible in order to bring their meaning to the foreground. The poetic function aims to simplify word use and applies to an entire poem: just as an individual word should be simple and referential, so too must the whole of the poem and its expression.
Liiv also analyses how to use specific poetic devices to achieve simplicity in expression. He stresses the ”plasticity“ of expression as an integral means of communicating the experience one wishes to portray and exemplifies this idea in a section of his essay detailing poetic technique and imagery in which he describes how to clearly and exactly express ”plastic“ depictions in poetics. First he argues the necessity of a cornerstone image, meaning the ability to create space for that which is being described, thereby allowing the image in a piece to work. He also draws attention to the importance of contrast in poetry, which occurs with the use of two poetic techniques that he calls ”subtraction“ and ”addition.“ With subtraction, one presents the concepts individually in order for them to have greater poetic influence; whereas, with addition, these individual images are presented together. Liiv’s handling of poetic language could be called simplified poetics, as the significance of art is hidden in its simplicity. Simplified poetics works in combination with his broader aesthetic framework: the goal is to portray simple things using intrinsically simple and influencial expressions
Analysis of Determing Compaction Factors of Sandy Soils
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks on võrrelda liivpinnaste tihedustegurite määramise meetodeid. Selleks valiti välja liivpinnaste tihedusteguri mõõtmiseks kasutatavad seadmed ning teostati lähtuvalt koostud katseplaanist katsemõõtmised. Lõputöö raames püstitati kaks põhieesmärki, mis said töö käigus täidetud. Eesmärkideks seadis autor liivpinnaste tihedustegurite määramise meetodite analüüsi ja teiseks eesmärgiks oli eelduse loomine Hamm CCC-süsteemide laialdasema kasutuselevõtu eelduse loomine.
Lõputöö on jaotatud kolme osasse. Esimene osa koosneb mõistete definitsioonidest ja tihendamisteooriast. Teine osa sisaldab endas mõõteseadmete –ja protsessi kirjeldust ning stanadardeid, millest mõõtetöödel lähtuti. Kolmas osa hõlmab endas lõputöö raames tehtud mõõtmiskatsetuste ja asukoha kirjeldusi ning mõõtmiseks valitud katseseadmeid. Samuti katseplaani, mõõtmistulemuste analüüsi ning lähtuvalt saadud tulemustest tehtud töö autori ettepanekuid.
Lõputöö mõõtmiskatsetuste raames teostas Teede Tehnokeskus AS plaatkoormuskatse, liivakoonuse, ehitamiseks kasutatava materjali terastikulise koostise määramise ning Proctor-teimi katsetused. Töö autori poolt teostati pinnase tihedusteguri mõõtmiskatsed Inspector 4 mõõteseadmega. Kõikide katsemõõtmiste läbiviimisel lähtuti vastavalt kehtivatest standarditest ja normatiividest.
Kõiki eelnevalt saadud katsetulemusi võrreldi hiljem katsetamisprotsessis kasutatud Hamm HC140i CCC-süsteemi mõõteandmetega. Saadud mõõtetulemuste analüüsi tulemusel on autori hinnangul võimalik lisaks, Eestis laialt levinud tihedusteguri mõõteseadmetele, alternatiivselt kasutada ka Hamm CCC-süsteemi. Antud süsteemi kasutuselevõtt aitaks kaasa ehitusprotsessi kiirendamisele, vähendades seeläbi tihendamistööde keskkonnamõju ning looks eelduse ühtlaselt tihendatud muldkeha rajamisele. Lisaks lihtsustuks ehitatava muldkeha kihtide tihedusteguri kontrollprotsess nii tellija kui ka ehitaja jaoks.
Mõõtetulemuste analüüsi tulemusel leiti, et pinnase tihendamistööde käigus tihedusteguri kontrollimiseks kasutatud Hamm CCC-süsteemi hilisemal võrdlemisel Eestis enam levinud mõõteseadmetega jäid leitud tihedustegurid ettenähtud normide piiridesse. Väljaarvatud plaatkoormuskatse teine mõõtmine, kus pinnas oli liigniiske. Kõik ülejäänud teostatud katsemõõtmiste tulemused vastasid autori ootustele.
Lisaks analüüsile on lõputöö autor koostanud ka juhise liiv- ja kruuspinnaste tihendamisprotsessi jooksul kasutatava Hamm CCC-süsteemi kalibreerimiseks ja kasutamiseks. Koostatud juhend võiks aidata kaasa Hamm CCC-süsteemide laialdasemale kasutuselevõtule Eestis. See omakorda looks aluse põhjalikuma ülevaate tekkimisele liivpinnaste tihendamisprotsessist.
Mõõtmiskatsetuste tulemused ning katseprotsess vastasid lõputöö autori ootustele. Edasiselt on autori hinnangul võimalik uurida Hamm CCC-süsteemi kasutamist nii killustikaluste kui ka erinevate stabiliseeritud katendikihtide tihendamisel.The main objective of thesis „Analysis of Determing Compaction Factors of Sandy Soils“ has been the analysis and comparison of the most equipment used for the measuring the density of embankment soil in Estonia, deploying the CCC system of soil compacting rolls. The aim of the experimental measurements carried out in the framework of the thesis is to create a prerequisite for the wider adoption of the CCC system in the use of soil rolls in Estonia. This compacting method is not currently used in Estonia, but its introduction would enable to constantly check the density of the embankment during construction works. The thesis consists of three parts, in which the author analyzes the compaction theory, the measuring devices used to find the density factor of sandy and gravel soils, and the analysis of the density factor test measurements carried out during the construction process of the Sutika road embankment.
Measurement tests were carried out with Inspector 4, a plate load test, a sand cone and Proctor probe measuring devices. The author compared the test results with the data collected during the compression process of the soil roll Hamm CCC system. As a result of the comparison, the author found that by using the Hamm CCC system during the compaction process of sandy and gravel soils, it is possible to reduce the time spent on the construction process, the environmental impact caused by the compaction work, and to make the process of control measurements of the layers to be built by the embankment more efficient.
This thesis provides guidance on carrying out further tests for measuring the soil density factor. The thesis also provides a basis for carrying out the calibration of the CCC system used during the compacting of sandy and gravel soils
The making of a classic: a survey of Italian translations
No full textFor a very long time from the Romantic age to the end of World War Two, culturally speaking, Italy was more dependent on France than on any other European nation. However Dickens was to find an early breakthrough into the Italian literary market, especially when compared with other Victorian writers. This is probably due to the ambivalence of Dickens’s texts (Shavit 1980), which would belong to different literary systems at the same time and at different times – the prerogative of a classic. Dickens has been read by both intellectuals and general public, and his hold on the Italian literary scene has proved much longer than that of any other English author excepting Shakespeare (but the bard started earlier). Thus Dickens has found his way both in the highbrow literary market and in the lowbrow ones, including escapist, humoristic, edifying and children literature. Noticeably, the popular reception of Dickens has not changed over the last 170 years, while the highbrow reception is now radically different from what it used to be in the nineteenth century and even from what it used in the 1980s
