1,721,034 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
After the Empire:Judicial Review and Interstate Relations in the Age of Demosthenes 354-22 BCE
No full textThis chapter explores the legal arguments and ideas in the trial against the honorary decree for Charidemus as a case study of Athenian interstate relations in the fourth century bce. The decree was challenged in court through a procedure of judicial review (graphē paranomon). The chapter sets the discussion of the legal arguments against its institutional background. It then analysed the juridical interpretation of the Athenian statutes at the trial, and their wider implication for the use of public honours to foster Athenian hegemonic ambitions in the aftermath of the Social War
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
British War Office Manuals and International Law, 1899–1907
No full textIn the aftermath of the 1899 Hague Convention, Oxford Professor Thomas Erskine Holland was employed by the British War Office to write the section on the laws of war for the army’s Manual of Military Law. In an era of rapid change and codification of international laws of war Holland’s involvement with the Manual of Military Law exposed the deep divisions in the British Government over the content and purpose of the codified laws of war. Holland’s conviction in the binding nature of international convention was challenged by the War Office and Foreign Office, who disputed his academic understanding of how and when international law should be applied in conflict. In the British civil service international legal expertise, feigned or legitimate, was claimed by many individuals making up what Robinson and Gallagher called the ‘official mind of imperialism’. These layers of intergovernmental bureaucracy subjected his draft to constant revisions, exposing the multiple, and often contradictory, understandings of international law held by the military and civil service. This chapter first provides of a close reading of the correspondence surrounding Holland’s text to explore the reluctance of the government to commit to written codification on the laws of war. It then contrasts Holland’s approach to the Manual of Military Law with that of the previous compiler, Lord Henry Thring, to track the changing sources of the laws of war for the War Office. These changes are situated in the context of the South African War (1899–1902), a cataclysm which preoccupied the secretariats of the Colonial Office, the Foreign Office, and the War Office like no other issue of the time. Together, these experiences and characters illustrate the disparate and often convoluted understandings of international law which contributed to the evolution of international legal thought in the British War Office
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The First 'Lawyers'? Judicial Offices, Administration and Legal Pluralism in Ancient Egypt, c.2500-1800BCE
No full textAncient Egypt is the oldest state to have left extensive records of both its judicial administration and its underlying legal thought, and yet it remains a striking case of a pre-Classical legal tradition being almost entirely ignored by historians of law. By addressing evolutions in Ancient Egyptian justice almost two millennia before the Twelve Tables, this chapter seeks to finally begin a long overdue process of filling this major gap in scholarship.
This chapter explores the first seven centuries for which records of the Egyptian justice system are in place. Its primary focus is on judicial practitioners, and its main argument is that this period saw them develop from a rather loosely-defined collective of high officials engaging in ad hoc justice alongside many other activities, to a body of highly specialised individuals focused almost exclusively on legal matters: people who might be considered ‘lawyers’ in modern parlance. This evolution occurred within a context of much wider changes in Egyptian society and state administration, encompassing a highly centralised Pharaonic state in the Old Kingdom (c.2500-2200BCE), fragmentation into multiple independent polities in the First Intermediate Period (c.2200-2050BCE), and ultimately their amalgamation into a considerably less centralised Pharaonic state in the Middle Kingdom (C.2050-1800BCE). The weakening of centralised authority allowed greater wealth to remain in provincial centres, which contributed to a proliferation of lower-level officials and scribes away from the original administrative core at Memphis. These people had a transformative effect on the justice system within which they operated.
This emerging class of ‘lawyers’ not only conducted justice in a manner different to their more senior but less specialised predecessors, but they also developed a different approach to legal thought. Old Kingdom justice was dominated by the overarching principle of Ma’at, a religious and cosmological concept of ‘right conduct’ which informed the ad hoc decisions taken by judges in the absence of codified law. On the other hand, the Middle Kingdom saw the introduction of a new concept: hpw, which refers to specific laws addressing particular circumstances. While it is unclear whether these were set down in writing or simply represented unwritten customs safeguarded by convention, the guiding principles of Middle Kingdom justice were certainly much more clearly defined than those of the preceding period. While Ma’at remained highly significant, and upholding it was still crucial to justice, hpw now provided the framework for the practicalities of doing so. At the same time, the first theoretical treatises on the nature of Ma’at were written, marking the dawn of recorded Egyptian jurisprudence and creating a tangible body of specialised knowledge for specialised officials. Thus, the justice systems of Ancient Egypt in 2500BCE and 1800BCE differed radically, both in theory and practice. This chapter will discuss how this came about, drawing extensively on the administrative and literary records of the times
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