7,398 research outputs found
The Independent Sign Bias: Gaining Insight from Multiple Linear Regression
No full textAs electronic data becomes widely available, the need for tools that help people gain insight from data has arisen. A variety of techniques from statistics, machine learning, and neural networks have been applied to databases in the hopes of mining knowledge
from data. Multiple regression is one such method for modeling the relationship between a set of explanatory variables and a dependent variable by fitting a linear equation to observed data. Here, we investigate and discuss some factors that influence whether the resulting regression equation is a credible model of the
data.Pazzani, Michael J. and Bay, Stephen D. (1999). "The Indepdendent Sign Bias: Gaining Insight from Multiple Linear Regression" Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.This research was funded in part by the National Science
Foundation grant IRI-9713990
D. Michael Quinn
No full textBlack and white photograph of author D. Michael Quinn, probably around 198
D. Michael Quinn
No full textBlack and white photograph of author D. Michael Quinn, probably around 198
Dissertatio De Censu Augusti / Quam Sub Praesidio ... Dn. Ulrici Obrechti, In Alma Argentinensium Universitate Professoris Histor. ... Ad Examen Solenne Proponit Michael Förtsch/ Wertheimio-Francus Author. A. D. [...] Maii MDCLXXV.
No full textDISSERTATIO DE CENSU AUGUSTI / QUAM SUB PRAESIDIO ... DN. ULRICI OBRECHTI, IN ALMA ARGENTINENSIUM UNIVERSITATE PROFESSORIS HISTOR. ... AD EXAMEN SOLENNE PROPONIT MICHAEL FÖRTSCH/ WERTHEIMIO-FRANCUS AUTHOR. A. D. [...] MAII MDCLXXV.
Dissertatio De Censu Augusti / Quam Sub Praesidio ... Dn. Ulrici Obrechti, In Alma Argentinensium Universitate Professoris Histor. ... Ad Examen Solenne Proponit Michael Förtsch/ Wertheimio-Francus Author. A. D. [...] Maii MDCLXXV. (1)
Titelblatt (1)
Dissertatio De Censu Augusti (3
Interview with Michael Cronin
No full textMichael Cronin (Ph. D. Trinity College, Dublin). Author of the ground-breaking, Translating Ireland, (Routledge 1996) Michael Cronin is the foremost translation scholar working in Ireland today. Cronin established the cultural review Graph with Peter Sirr and Barra Ó Séaghdha in 1986 and was involved in the setting up of the Irish Translators Association and the creation of Ireland Literature Exchange, the body responsible for funding the translation of Iri..
LYRICOS : synthesis of singing voice using a sinusoidal model
No full textIssued as Final report, Project no. D-48-X46Final report has author: Michael Maco
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Advice to Students Considering Graduate Work in English
No full textDrawing on specific case histories from over 50 students who applied to graduate programs in English Literature, Composition, and Writing, this document represents my advice to students applying nationwide to do graduate work in the various subfields of English studies
Clinical aspects of dental materials : theory, practice, and cases / Marcia Gladwin, Michael Bagby.
No full textRev. ed. of: Clinical aspects of dental materials / [edited by] Marcia Gladwin, Michael Bagby. 2nd ed. c2004.Includes bibliographical references and index.xiv, 481 pages.
Product Hopping: A New Framework
No full textOne of the most misunderstood and anticompetitive business behaviors in today’s economy is “product hopping,” which occurs when a brand-name pharmaceutical company switches from one version of a drug to another. These switches, benign in appearance but not necessarily in effect, can significantly decrease consumer welfare, impairing competition from generic drugs to an extent that greatly exceeds any gains from the “improved” branded product. The antitrust analysis of product hopping is nuanced. It implicates the intersection of antitrust law, patent law, the Hatch-Waxman Act, and state drug product selection laws. In fact, the behavior is even more complex because it occurs in uniquely complicated markets characterized by doctors who choose the product but don’t pay for it, and consumers who buy the product but don’t choose it. It is thus unsurprising that courts have offered inconsistent approaches to product hopping. They have paid varying levels of attention to the regulatory structure, offered a simplistic analysis of consumer choice, adopted an underinclusive antitrust standard based on coercion, and focused on whether the brand firm removed the original drug from the market. Entering this morass, we offer a new framework that courts, government enforcers, plaintiffs, and manufacturers can employ to analyze product hopping. This rigorous and balanced framework is the first to incorporate the economic characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry. For starters, it defines a “product hop” to include only those instances in which the brand manufacturer (1) reformulates the product in a way that makes the generic non-substitutable and (2) encourages doctors to write prescriptions for the reformulated product rather than the original. The test also offers two safe harbors, which are more deferential than current caselaw, to ensure that the vast majority of reformulations will not be subject to antitrust scrutiny. The analysis then examines whether a brand’s product hop passes the “no-economic-sense” test. In other words, would the reformulation make economic sense for the brand if it did not have the effect of impairing generic competition? Merely introducing new products would pass the test. Encouraging doctors to write prescriptions for the reformulated rather than the original product—“cannibalizing” the brand’s own sales—might not. Imposing antitrust liability on behavior that does not make business sense other than through its impairment of generic competition offers a conservative approach and minimizes “false positives” in which courts erroneously find liability. Showing just how far the courts have veered from justified economic analysis, the test would recommend a different analysis than that used in each of the five product-hopping cases that have been litigated to date, and a different outcome in two of them. By carefully considering the regulatory environment, practicalities of prescription drug markets, manufacturers’ desire for clear-cut rules, and consumers’ needs for a rule that promotes price competition without deterring valued innovations, the framework promises to improve and standardize the antitrust analysis of product hopping
- …
