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Ensaios sobre o poder judiciário no Brasil
No full textThis thesis is a collection of empirical essays on the institut ional features of the justice system in Brazil, focused on state district courts of the first degree. It relies on econometric methods and insights from microeconomic theory, which are essential towards understanding and modeling micro - level data (case dat a). The first chapter investigates another important feature of judicial behavior: whether judges exhibit any sort of systematic bias towards poor litigants. Many surveys have shown that in the process of decision - making, judges in Brazil tend to put signi ficant weight on the social consequences of their decisions, in detriment of strict observance of the law. Survey results must be confronted with patterns revealed by actual case data, which justifies the study. The statistical analysis is based on an orig inal database, constructed by the author based on the collection of millions of civil cases for the State Justice of Paraná . Relying on a discrete choice model, the paper estimates the winning chances of poor litigants relative to non - poor litigants, contr olling for all case and jurisdiction characteristics. The main conclusion of the study is that poor litigants are less likely to win a case than non - poor counterparts. These results consider the mechanisms through which poverty conditions may affect case o utcomes: i) when poverty condition is a substantive fact of the case and part of the legal reasoning (which typically occurs in family cases); ii) selection of disputes: poverty condition implies changes in fee - shifting schemes, with a direct impact on the expected value of the dispute; iii) selection and incentives of attorneys: poor litigants may face selection and incentive problems with respect to attorneys, thereby reducing their chances of victory in court. After taking into account such mechanisms, t he study finds no evidence that judges tend to favor poor litigants. In particular, the comparison between poor and non - poor plaintiffs suggest the occurrence of opportunistic behavior, related to the abuse of indigent assistance benefits, which eliminates fee - shifting and, as result, all the downside associated to the law suit. The second chapter is an attempt to test whether there exists a trade - off between procedural fairness and judicial efficiency. Put another way, the fact that a case is resolved faster is potentially compromising to the quality of the sentence. Again, conv entional wisdom has been supportive of that dilemma, on the grounds that expeditiousness is detrimental of the compliance to the right to legal due process. The study presents an empirical framework to test the hypothesis that such a dilemma exists in the Brazilian justice system. The model relies on the basic premise that the quality of the judicial decision is inversely related to its chances of being reversed by the court of appeals ( Tribunal de Justiça ). The database is constructed by the author, this t ime based on information available for thousands of cases in district courts of Minas Gerais . The data comprises various civil cases and their respective appeals. Based on a linear probability model, results suggest that the dilemma isn't corroborated by the data. On the contrary, they are suggestive of a complementary relation between expeditiou sness and quality: cases that are tried faster are associated with 'better' sentences, in the sense that they are less likely to be reversed at the court of appeals. The empirical model includes all case characteristics, and discusses the possibility of se lection bias on the sample. The last chapter is a study on the decision patterns of courts of appeals in criminal cases. The main objective is to measure the impact of judicial backgrounds on appellate decisions, based on jurisprudence from the State Supr eme Court of Santa Catarina , Brazil. The study exploits a particular feature of the judicial selection process in Brazil: the Federal Constitution reserves 10% of the seats in State Supreme Courts to attorneys affiliated to the Brazilian Bar Association (O AB), and 10% to public prosecutors ( Ministerio Publico ). The remainder of the Court seats are to be filled by career Judges from district courts. Those three backgrounds provide a clear - cut distinction on ideological cleavages. Specifically, under the null hypothesis, we expect, in criminal cases, that former attorneys adopt a pro - defendant stance whereas former prosecutors adopt a pro - plaintiff stance. Based on a large sample of criminal appeals in Santa Catarina , this study takes advantage that cases are randomly assigned to judges, to identify the causal effects of legal backgrounds on judicial decision - making. Results suggest that former prosecutors are 20% more likely to decide against defendants than career judges. On the other hand, former attorneys a re 6% more likely to do so. Considering a sample of procedural cases only, we find much stronger effects: former prosecutors are 50% more likely and former attorneys are 50% less likely to decide against defendants. The strong background effects, found on procedural matters, reveal that former attorneys (prosecutors) tend to regard procedural rights much more (less) seriously than former judges.Esta tese apresenta três artigos – organizados em três capítulos – sobre os padrões decisórios dos magistrados no Brasil. O primeiro artigo avalia uma questão importante a respeito de comportamentos judiciais qual seja a da possibilidade da existência de um viés favorável ao pobre em ações judiciais. Diversas pesquisas de opinião realizadas no Brasil têm mostrado que os magistrados tem uma preocupação com a desigualdade social e que por isso, levam em consideração as consequências sociais de suas decisões judiciais, além da pura e simples observância das leis. Este cenário confere relevância à questão de se, em termos práticos, os magistrados apresentam algum tipo de viés judicial, notadamente em relação a cidadãos menos favorecidos. Assim, este artigo busca testar a presença de viés judicial. Em termos de um modelo estatístico, configura-se uma situação de viés favorável ao pobre quando este possui chances maiores de vitória na ação judicial, comparado com não pobres. O artigo discute diversos mecanismos teóricos através dos quais a condição de hipossuficiência da parte influencia o resultado judicial. Os testes estatísticos se baseiam em uma base de dados construída a partir dos links de acompanhamento processual do sítio de internet do tribunal de Justiça do Paraná. Os resultados não corroboram a hipótese de que existe viés judicial favorável aos pobres. O segundo artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um teste estatístico para a hipótese de que “a justiça tarda, mas não falha”. Esta hipótese traduz-se em um dilema entre celeridade processual e a qualidade da sentença. O método de pesquisa consiste em um teste estatístico para a hipótese de que a duração do processo eleva a chances de reforma em instância superior, isto é, reduz a qualidade da sentença. A partir de uma grande amostra aleatória de processos cíveis da justiça comum do primeiro grau de Minas Gerais, estima-se a probabilidade de reforma de uma decisão judicial do primeiro grau, em função da duração do processo. Visando contornar problemas de viés de variável omitida e viés de seleção, o modelo inclui diversas variáveis de controle, incluindo: características do processo originário, tais como classe, complexidade e valor da causa, além do número de advogados e tipos de partes; e efeitos fixos de jurisdição originária e de órgão julgador. Os resultados não só refutam a existência de um dilema entre duração e qualidade, como sugerem que a morosidade processual eleva a probabilidade de reforma de uma decisão judicial. Dito de outra forma, a qualidade das decisões judiciais varia diretamente com o grau de celeridade processual. Nesse sentido, a necessidade de se atingir uma justiça imparcial e equilibrada não deveria servir como justificativa para a morosidade judicial. No último artigo, analise-se o papel da formação profissional dos magistrados sobre suas decisões. O artigo apresenta quantificações acerca dos efeitos da formação profissional e jurídica dos magistrados sobre suas decisões judiciais. Especificamente, busca-se analisar em que medida as diferenças nas origens de carreira dos desembargadores (que podem ser oriundos da carreira de juiz, do Ministério Público ou da advocacia), têm efeito sobre o resultado de apelações e incidentes criminais. Utiliza-se a base de dados de jurisprudência do tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina, construída especificamente para esta pesquisa. A hipótese nula da pesquisa se divide em duas partes: primeiro, os desembargadores oriundos da advocacia são sistematicamente mais propensos a decidir favoravelmente ao réu, comparados àqueles oriundos da carreira de juiz. Segundo, os desembargadores oriundos do Ministério Público são sistematicamente mais propensos a decidir contrariamente ao réu, relativamente aqueles oriundos da carreira. Os resultados empíricos sugerem a presença de efeitos de origem bastante significativos, particularmente quando se consideram incidentes recursais - o que corrobora a noção de que a formação jurídica do magistrado é relevante para explicar a prevalência do "garantismo processual", especialmente na área criminal
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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