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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
An eye-tracking analysis of translation behaviour while using machine translation technology integrated into computer-assisted translation (CAT) tool
No full textDo niedawna programy wspomagające tłumaczenia (tzw. narzędzia CAT) i tłumaczenia maszynowe były postrzegane jako przeciwstawne podejścia do komputerowego wspomagania tłumaczeń. Celem narzędzia CAT nie jest zastąpienie tłumacza, a tylko usprawnienie jego pracy poprzez zapamiętywanie już przetłumaczonych par (tzw. segmentów) przechowywanych w tzw. pamięci tłumaczeniowej. Tłumaczenie maszynowe natomiast jest tłumaczeniem automatycznym wykonanym przez program i pierwotnie miało zastąpić „żywego” tłumacza. Relatywnie niedawno w branży tłumaczeniowej pojawił się nowy nurt, a mianowicie jednoczesne korzystanie z pamięci tłumaczeniowej i tłumaczenia maszynowego w ramach jednego narzędzia CAT. Ma to na celu przyśpieszenie procesu tłumaczenia pisemnego. W niniejszej pracy zostanie zatem zbadany proces, który można opisać jako tłumaczenie wykonane w narzędziu CAT z podglądem tłumaczenia maszynowego.
W badaniu został przeanalizowany program Matecat. Program ten został wybrany do analizy ze względu na to, że, według jego twórców, jego celem jest pogłębienie integracji tłumaczenia maszynowego i konwencjonalnego (tzw. human translation) w ramach narzędzia wspomagającego tłumaczenie.
W badaniu wykorzystana została metoda okulograficzna pozwalająca na ewaluację wysiłku kognitywnego podczas pracy w narzędziu CAT z uruchomionym podglądem tłumaczenia maszynowego (czyli na stwierdzenie, czy rzeczywiście taki tryb tłumaczenia jest mniej pracochłonny niż zwykłe tłumaczenie w programie CAT) oraz na stwierdzenie, czy układ graficzny tego programu jest przyjazny tłumaczowi.
W badaniu zostały poddane obserwacji dwa procesy – tłumaczenie w narzędziu CAT bez podglądu tłumaczenia maszynowego (jako proces podstawowy) i tłumaczenie z podglądem tłumaczenia maszynowego. Badanie umożliwiło zatem porównanie tych dwóch procesów oraz sprawdzenie, czy aktywność wzrokowa ujawnia znaczące różnice pomiędzy nimi.
Praca składa się z Wprowadzenia i trzech rozdziałów. We Wprowadzeniu przedstawione są usystematyzowane pojęcia (w tym problemy terminologiczne) oraz ogólne uwagi dotyczące badania (opis przedmiotu i tematu badań, uzasadnienie wyboru, zarys problemu badawczego oraz pytania badawcze). Na końcu przedstawione są zarys oraz struktura pracy.
Rozdział pierwszy ma na celu przedstawienie technologii, która stanowi przedmiot niniejszej pracy, a mianowicie tłumaczenia wspomaganego komputerowo i jego „podrodzaju” – tłumaczenia wspomaganego przez system tłumaczenia maszynowego (tzn. tłumaczenia w programie CAT z podglądem tłumaczenia maszynowego), jej historii i aktualnego miejsca w branży tłumaczeniowej, a także programu CAT, który został wykorzystany w badaniu.
Rozdział drugi ma na celu próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie: co wiemy, a czego jeszcze nie wiemy jeśli chodzi o tłumaczenia w programie CAT z podglądem tłumaczenia maszynowego? Innymi słowy przedstawia on podstawowe zagadnienia związane z badaniami w dziedzinie, która jest przedmiotem niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej. Omówione zostały również rozważania metodologiczne, które stanowią podstawę badania.
Trzeci rozdział składa się z dwóch części: opisu badania i opisu jego wyników. W pierwszej części omówione zostały układ i warunki prowadzenia badania oraz charakterystyka grup. Oddzielny podrozdział poświęcony został procedurze analizy wyników. W drugiej części zaprezentowane są wyniki badania według różnych typów danych uzyskanych przy pomocy okulografu oraz programu Matecat. Analiza została przeprowadzona na poziomie tłumaczenia całego tekstu w programie Matecat oraz na poziomie tłumaczenia poszczególnych segmentów.
Praca kończy się podsumowaniem, gdzie zaprezentowane są również implikacje dydaktyczne i wskazane są kierunki możliwych dalszych badań.Until recently translation memory (TM) used in computer-aided translation (CAT) tools and machine translation (MT) were perceived as opposite approaches to using technology in translation — the initial aim of MT is to replace a human translator and the aim of TM is to optimize and expedite human translation workflow. In the last years thanks to progress in the field of machine translation and learning, performative MT has been increasingly implemented in CAT tools giving translators additional suggestions, especially when it comes to the segments from the „no match” category. The latter results in a situation where the translator can edit both TM matches and MT output within a single CAT tool. This work is devoted to such a phenomenon, the so-called MT-enhanced computer-aided translation which is nowadays present in translators’ practice but yet not given much attention to by linguists.
The dissertation seeks to advance the knowledge about MT integration in the Matecat CAT tool and to investigate its effectiveness through the use of eye tracking methodology. The selection of the eye tracking methodology was driven by the fact that it has been successfully used for both cognitive load-related and software usability studies. Thus it allowed the author to investigate the cognitive load of participants performing translation in the Matecat tool in MT suggestion and no-MT suggestion mode and to explore the usability of the program being run in these two modes. The analysis of empirical data is preceded by theoretical considerations of the current state of research in the field. Yet the ultimate goal of this dissertation is to present implications on the use of MT in CAT tools. The author believes that a proper understanding of the mechanisms underlying MT-enhanced CAT translation is an important determinant of its effective use.
The Introduction presents the topic, goals, questions and an outline of the research. It also introduces data types as well as data collection procedures.
Chapter 1 provides an overview of computer-aided translation and its special type — MT-enhanced computer-aided translation, both its history and current place in the translation industry. Moreover, it gives an insight into the growing popularity of this form of translation and its use in translators’ practice. The core features of the Matecat CAT tool which was used in the study are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2 addresses the theoretical framework of the work with a special focus on anthropocentric language theory developed by F. Grucza and the use of eye tracking in linguistics studies. It delineates the current state of research in the field in an attempt to answer the question: what do we know and what do we not yet know when it comes to MT-enhanced CAT translation? This chapter lays out the theoretical foundations propelling the study conducted for the purpose of this dissertation.
Chapter 3 consists of two parts: the outline of the study and the presentation of the study results. The first part provides an overview of the study conditions, the equipment used, the study material (text) and the research groups. It also addresses the results analysis procedure as well as eye tracking metrics and parameters that were taken into consideration. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the presentation of the study results according to different types of eye tracker data obtained as well as data generated by the Matecat program. The analysis was carried out at the level of the entire text as well as its particular segments.
The work ends with a summary, where the implications propelled by insights from the research project are discussed and the directions of possible further research are indicated. The findings are presented in relation to the research questions. Also, the limitations of the study are acknowledged
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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