1,720,957 research outputs found
Development of innovative synthetic processes for the industrial production of APIs
Full text linkActive Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are a fundamental class of chemicals due to their important role in the human health. APIs are protected by intellectual property (IP), allowing the owners of the newly invented drug to have a temporary but complete exclusivity in terms of use, production and commercialization. The activity of the PhD is focused on the research of efficient and alternative synthesis of APIs, for which product/process patents are no longer valid or they are about to expire. The
molecules selected for the research of alternative syntheses were vildagliptin (treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus), fexofenadine
hydrochloride (therapy for allergic rhinitis) and ravidasvir hydrochloride (a novel API, not yet approved, for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C). The aim of this work is to design alternative preparations for these selected APIs, optimising all the synthetic steps by adjusting reactions conditions and maximizing the yield of the processes and finally scaling up the whole
syntheses to transfer the processes to the industrial scale
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
An Efficient and Scalable Synthesis of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride
No full textAllergic rhinitis (AR) is an important allergic inflammatory disease, affecting 30-60 million people annually in the USA. The most important class of drug used in the treatment of AR is second-generation H1-antihistamines (highly selective and nonsedating drugs) like levocetirizine, desloratadine and fexofenadine. Different synthetic strategies are reported for the preparation of fexofenadine hydrochloride, but these approaches involve the formation of byproducts, either toxic or difficult to remove. The aim of this work is to find a new, efficient and scalable synthetic approach for the preparation of fexofenadine hydrochloride. The final product was assembled from methyl 2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methylpropanoate, 3-butyn-1-ol and azacyclonol, cheap and commercially available raw materials. A key step allows to build the central oxygenated-C4-moiety through a key 5-membered intermediate, avoiding toxic or expensive reagents and catalysts. The 8-step synthesis is competitive with existing protocols, leading to fexofenadine hydrochloride in 59% overall yield
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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