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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication of U.S. and U.S.-Affiliated Corporations: A New Paradigm Distinguishing Crisis-Prepared Organizations from Their Crisis-Prone Counterparts
No full textThe purpose of this research is to examine communication made possible by the advent of new media technologies and its effect on crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations. The crisis management literature identifies communication as a necessary component in crisis management planning, but communication only appears at certain points in various crisis management conceptual frameworks presented by many scholars. The advent of new media technologies has resulted in a growing array of communication tools now available to individuals and to organizations. Missing in the literature is examination of how communication made possible by the use of new media technologies affects crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations. Because organizational crises involve multiple perspectives including crisis management, communication, business continuity, decision making, organizational culture, psychology, and organizational learning, the study of crises has come to involve a systems approach. This research focuses on human-caused crises because these particular crises possess the potential to pose the gravest threat to the business continuity of corporations by virtue of the adverse impact that they have on the relationship between corporations and their myriad stakeholders. Regarding the role of communication in crisis management, the advent of new media technologies including the Internet and myriad other forms of electronic-based communication such as e-mail, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, instant messaging, and social media, has caused a paradigm shift in how corporations must now manage crises. The research found that effective use of crisis communication made possible by the advent of new media technologies represents an important factor distinguishing crisis-prepared organizations from crisis-prone organizations. However, the use of new media technologies can both aid and hinder organizational crisis communication efforts because the same technologies are not the sole province of the corporation embroiled in a crisis. The research adds to the literature by addressing new media technologies as an emerging force in crisis communication that can aid and also thwart the efforts of organizations attempting to recover from crises, and that can assist organizations in developing management practices to improve their crisis preparedness. The research enhances understanding of how crisis communication, particularly new media technologies-enabled communication, can assist as well as complicate management in corporate crisis situations.The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 1
The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication of U.S. and U.S.-Affiliated Corporations: A New Paradigm Distinguishing Crisis-Prepared Organizations from Their Crisis-Prone Counterparts
W. Christopher Cason
DMGT 892
Summer, 2012
The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 7
I. Chapter 1 (Introduction) 9
A. Background 9
B. Significance and Purpose 13
C. Importance to Management 14
D. Research Question 15
II. Chapter 2 (Literature Review) 16
A. Crisis management 19
i. Evolution of crisis definitions 19
ii. Crisis-Prepared Versus Crisis-Prone Corporations and Organizations 20
iii. Major frameworks of crisis management 22
iv. Decision making 35
v. A systems approach to crisis management 36
vi. The impact of human-caused crises 40
B. Business continuity 47
i. Business continuity defined 47
ii. Organizational reputation and trust 48
iii. Contingency planning and organizational resilience 53
iv. Stakeholders 59
C. Crisis Communication 63
i. Apologia 63
ii. Situational crisis communication theory 67
iii. Image restoration typology 71
iv. Discourse of organizational renewal 74
v. The advent of new media technologies in crisis communication 77 The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 3
Thesis/Argument 86
III. Chapter 3 (Conceptual Framework) 88
IV. Chapter 4 (Method) 92
A. Realist Synthesis 96
B. A Configurative Approach to Data Analysis 101
C. The Use of Themes 102
D. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria 103
E. Keywords Development, and Ancestry Approach or “Snowballing” 106
F. Data Sources Used in the Synthesis 106
G. Flow Chart for Systematic Review and Realist Synthesis in the Research 109
H. Subject Matter Experts 111
I. Summary 113
V. Chapter 5 (Analysis) 115
A. Introduction: Research Question, Propositions, and Summary of Findings 115
B. Finding One: The Use of New Media Technologies as a Characteristic
Distinguishing Crisis-Prepared from Crisis-Prone Organizations 118
i. Social media as a geographically borderless relationship builder 118
ii. Dialogic web-based communication 122
C. Finding Two: New Media Technologies as an Aid and a Hindrance to
Crisis Communication 126
i. The stakeholder equalizing effect of new media technologies 127
D. Finding Three: Other Common Characteristics of Crisis-Prepared
Organizations 135
i. Crisis planning and preparation 136
ii. Sensemaking 139
iii. Organizational learning 141 The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 4
iv. Continuity planning and organizational resilience 144
v. Maintenance of corporate brand and reputation 147
E. Finding Four: The Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Reactions of
Individuals Faced with Crises 150
i. Affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions of individuals 150
F. Summary 154
VI. Chapter 6 (Conclusions and Implications) 156
A. Implications for Management Theory and Practice
i. Management theory 156
a. A need for growing sophistication in the crisis management
process 156
b. Evolving crisis definitions 159
c. Crisis-related challenges associated with societal dependence
upon high-risk technologies 160
d. A systemic approach to crisis management 160
e. The concept of crisis-prepared and crisis-prone organizations 161
f. A cyclical versus linear approach to crisis management and
crisis communication 163
ii. Management practice 165
a. Corporate social responsibility as a means to generate goodwill
dividends against hard times 168
b. A team primarily to monitor social networking sites 172
c. Continual development of portfolios of crisis scenarios 175
d. Establishing physical and virtual crisis management teams 178
e. Developing an organizational culture of crisis preparedness 180
f. Developing metrics to measure online influence of individuals 182 The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 5
B. Revised Conceptual Framework, Based Upon Synthesis of the Literatures 184
C. Limitations 190
D. Future Research 190
E. Summary 193
References 195
Appendices Table of Contents 227
Ia. Summary of Iterative Review and Emergent Themes from the
Synthesis of Crisis Management, Crisis Communication, and Business
Continuity Literatures 229
Ib. Pie chart Illustrating Composition of the Research Data Set of 95
Studies in the Synthesis – by Literature Group 230
Ic. Pie Chart Illustrating Composition of the Research Data Set of 95
Studies in the Synthesis – by Theme 231
IIa. Crisis Management Literature Synthesis – Themes and Citations 232
IIb. Crisis Preparedness – Literature Summary Table 233
IIc. Sensemaking – Literature Summary Table 235
IId. The Challenges of New Media Technologies – Literature Summary Table 236
IIe. Organizational Learning – Literature Summary Table 237
IIIa. Crisis Communication Literature Synthesis – Themes and Citations 242
IIIb. The Stakeholder Equalizing Effect of New Media Technologies –
Literature Summary Table 243
IIIc. Social Media as a Geographically Borderless Relationship Builder –
Literature Summary Table 245
IIId. Dialogic Web-based Communication – Literature Summary Table 246
IIIe. Attribution – Literature Summery Table 247
The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 6
IIIf. Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Reactions to Crisis – Literature
Summary Table 249
IIIg. Stakeholder Differentiation – Literature Summary Table 250
IVa. Business Continuity Literature Synthesis – Themes and Citations 251
IVb. Continuity Planning – Literature Summary Table 252
IVc. Corporate and Brand Reputation – Literature Summary Table 253
IVd. Organizational Resilience – Literature Summary Table 256
V. Characteristics of Crisis-Prepared Corporations and Organizations 257
VI. List of Figures and Tables 258
The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 7
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to examine communication made possible by the advent of new media technologies and its effect on crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations. The crisis management literature identifies communication as a necessary component in crisis management planning, but communication only appears at certain points in various crisis management conceptual frameworks presented by many scholars. The advent of new media technologies has resulted in a growing array of communication tools now available to individuals and to organizations. Missing in the literature is examination of how communication made possible by the use of new media technologies affects crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations. Because organizational crises involve multiple perspectives including crisis management, communication, business continuity, decision making, organizational culture, psychology, and organizational learning, the study of crises has come to involve a systems approach. This research focuses on human-caused crises because these particular crises possess the potential to pose the gravest threat to the business continuity of corporations by virtue of the adverse impact that they have on the relationship between corporations and their myriad stakeholders. Regarding the role of communication in crisis management, the advent of new media technologies including the Internet and myriad other forms of electronic-based communication such as e-mail, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, instant messaging, and social media, has caused a paradigm shift in how corporations must now manage crises. The research found that effective use of crisis communication made possible by the advent of new media technologies represents an important factor distinguishing crisis-prepared organizations from crisis-prone organizations. However, the use of new media technologies can both aid and hinder organizational crisis communication efforts because the same technologies The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 8
are not the sole province of the corporation embroiled in a crisis. The research adds to the literature by addressing new media technologies as an emerging force in crisis communication that can aid and also thwart the efforts of organizations attempting to recover from crises, and that can assist organizations in developing management practices to improve their crisis preparedness. The research enhances understanding of how crisis communication, particularly new media technologies-enabled communication, can assist as well as complicate management in corporate crisis situations.
Keywords: Business continuity; business recovery; contingency planning; crisis communication; crisis management models; disaster planning; leadership; management of crises; organizational image and reputation; organizational learning; organizational trust; resilience; risk management; sensemaking; social media; and systems theory.
The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 9
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Pauchant and Mitroff (1992) defined a crisis as a disruption that physically impacts a whole system and threatens its basic assumptions, its subjective sense of self, and its existential core (p. 12). An organizational crisis is a low-probability, high-impact situation perceived by critical stakeholders as a threat to the viability of the organization and to the stakeholders both personally and socially (Pearson & Clair, 1998, p. 66), and that threatens an organization‟s most fundamental goals (Weick, 1988, p. 305), the most notable goals of which according to Shrivastava and Mitroff (1987) are survival and profitability which they added are becoming increasingly daunting tasks since crises are associated with large-scale damage to human life, natural environments, and social and political institutions (p. 6). Coombs (2007b) noted that a crisis is also a sudden and unexpected event that threatens to disrupt organizational operations and poses financial and reputational threats (p. 164). A crisis has an impact on an organization‟s level of functioning and consequently, crises adversely impact organizational homeostasis and the resulting disequilibrium affects system dynamics (Myer, Conte, & Peterson, 2007, p. 766), but a crisis may also represent an “opportunity for overall organizational transformation” (Shrivastava, 1993, p. 29). While a crisis may severely threaten the continued existence of a corporation or organization, it may simultaneously present opportunities for accomplishing the high-priority goals of corporations and organizations (Ulmer, Sellnow, & Seeger, 2011, p. 7).
Perrow (1984) characterized systems including nuclear power plants, chemical plants, aircraft and air traffic control, ocean shipping, nuclear weapons, space missions, and genetic engineering as “high-risk technologies” because each has the ongoing potential to cause catastrophe, and the ability to either take or irrevocably damage life (p. 3). The proliferation of high-risk The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 10
technologies represents significant crisis threats (Perrow, 1984, p. 3), and human-caused crises now have the potential to exceed natural disasters in size, scope, and impact (Pearson & Mitroff, 1993, p. 48). This research focuses on human-caused crises because as Gonzalez-Herrero and Pratt (1995), Mitroff, Pearson, and Pauchant (1992), Pearson and Mitroff (1993), Perrow (1984), and others have pointed out, human-caused crises possess the potential to pose the gravest threat to the business continuity of corporations by virtue of the adverse impact that such crises have on the relationship between corporations and their myriad stakeholders.
The crisis management literature identifies communication as a necessary component in crisis management planning, but communication only appears at certain points in various crisis management conceptual frameworks presented by many scholars. In addition, missing in the literature is detailed examination of how communication made possible by new media technologies affects crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations.
A corporation or organization that recovers from a crisis has also continued its business operations in some manner. The business operations in place may differ, post-crisis, from those operations that were in place prior to the crisis, but the fact that the corporation or organization has recovered from the crisis suggests that business continuity has been maintained at least in the short-term. Consequently, the research draws upon business continuity literature as a complement to the crisis management and crisis communication literatures.
Herbane (2010) argued that business continuity reflects a wider crisis management literature that focuses on prevention, decision making orientation, and a socio-technical systems perspective (p. 981), and Sawalha and Anchor (2012) noted that business continuity management has evolved from ad hoc reactions to unexpected events to predetermined, systematic, holistic business processes (p. 328). Sawalha and Anchor (2012) also stressed that business continuity The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 11
has the potential to play an integrated and strategic role that aids in the development of organizational and social capabilities of resilience by engaging internal and external stakeholders in the process of organizational preservation (p. 328).
The way that corporations manage communication as well as benefit or suffer from technological advances in communication in times of crises has helped to determine recovery as an intended outcome of the crisis management effort. Johnson & Johnson‟s decision to maintain regularly scheduled communication with media throughout the cyanide poisoning crisis involving the Tylenol pain reliever in 1982 helped the company to rebound in the marketplace (Cutlip, Center, & Broom, 2000, 2006; Pauchant & Mitroff, 1992, p. 14). During the Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska in 1989, Exxon executives underestimated the nearly instantaneous communication associated with the Information Age when they disseminated a memo indicating that after a certain date, they would cease attempts to clean the region regardless of how strongly they were ordered to do so. Pauchant and Mitroff (1992) noted that Exxon executives failed to consider the possibility of external discovery of such a memo (p. 115). Technology delivered around-the-clock live images of the oil spewing from the BP-owned Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico throughout the summer of 2010, images that helped to fuel the growing outrage that various publics had toward the oil company.
Mitroff (2004) argued that organizations attempt to manage problems of a “systems age” with a “machine age” mentality (p. xi). Others argue that effective crisis management may minimize potential risk before a triggering event (Gonzalez-Herrero & Pratt, 1995; Pearson & Clair, 1998; Pauchant & Mitroff, 1992; Shrivastava & Mitroff, 1987; Shrivastava, Mitroff, Miller, & Miglani, 1988). Following the event, effective crisis management may readjust basic assumptions on the part of individuals and organizations, as well as their behavioral and emotional responses aimed The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 12
at recovery and readjustment. Because organizational crises involve multiple perspectives including crisis management, communication, business continuity, decision making, organizational culture, psychology, and organizational learning, the study of crises has come to involve a systems approach (Pauchant, Mitroff, & Lagadec, 1991, pp. 210-227; Pearson & Clair, 1998, p. 59), and a systems model of scientific inquiry helps to improve crisis management research because a systems focus conceptualizes crises as ill-structured or non-programmed problems which are characterized by profound disagreement over what is happening, who should be in charge, and what actions need to take place (Mitroff, Alpaslan, & Green, 2004, pp. 176, 182). Mitroff (2004) also pointed out that while basic conceptual models of crisis management have evolved, many corporations facing a crisis still attempt mitigation without considering the complex systems in which the organizations exist and the potential ripple effect(s) that certain crisis management efforts may have on various components within the organization (p. 23).
Regarding the role of communication in crisis management, the advent of new media technologies including the Internet and myriad other electronic-based communication such as e-mail, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, instant messaging, and social media, has also caused a paradigm shift in how corporations must now manage crises. This research examines communication made possible by these new technologies within the context of crisis management. It also examines the challenge of organizational message control from a systems perspective when the ubiquitous nature of Internet-based and other electronic technologies provide organizational allies and foes with platforms to influence discourse including the extent to which a corporation or organization may be considered responsible for a crisis (Argenti, 2006; Gonzalez-Herrero & Smith, 2010; Hill & White, 2000; Jin & Liu, 2010; Mei, Bansal, & Pang, 2010; Schultz, Utz, & Goritz, 2011; Taylor & Perry, 2005). The Use of New Media Technologies in Crisis Communication - A New Paradigm 13
Significance and Purpose
The purpose of this research is to examine communication made possible by the advent of new media technologies and its effect on crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations.
The crisis management, business continuity, and crisis communication literatures discuss many of the same converging concepts including the escalating cost of human-caused crises, the proliferation of high-risk technologies and their associated crisis threat, the need for a systems approach to crisis management, the importance of maintaining a sense of reputation and trust among organizational stakeholders, ongoing development of crisis management portfolios and planning, and the necessary organizational learning required to avoid repetitive crisis-prone mistakes. There are instances in the course of day-to-day operations which are crisis-free in which crisis management has no direct role. The literature stresses the importance of maintaining a portfolio of crisis management strategies in the event of a crisis (Coombs & Holladay, 2002, p. 173; Mitroff, Alpaslan, & Green, 2004, p. 180; Mitroff, Shrivastava, & Udwadia, 1987, p. 288; Pauchant, Mitroff, & Lagadec, 1991, pp. 210-227; Pearson & Mitroff, 1993, pp. 49-57).
While the crisis management literature identifies communication as a necessary component in crisis management planning, communication only appears at certain points in various conceptual frameworks of crisis management presented by many scholars. Missing in the literature is detailed examination of how communication made possible by new media technologies affects crisis communication in U.S. and U.S.-affiliated corporations. This
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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