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Figure 10 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 10. Running gaits (Sh Sf) in our data, plotted on the Hildebrand diagram. The arrow ('trot line') indicates the diagonality predicted for running gaits (D = 50).Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 413, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
Figure 2 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 2. Plot of diagonality against (average) duty factor: the Hildebrand diagram. Positions of some mammalian gait types (two-letter codes) are plotted on the diagram. DS, diagonal-sequence walks; LS, lateral-sequence walks; RP, running pace; RT, running trot; WP, walking pace; WT, walking trot.Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 403, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
Figure 12 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 12. Modified Hildebrand diagram for our data set: revised support-polygon model. The relevant duty factor in each case – which is now Sf for L-S, D-C gaits (Rule 2: D = 100 – Sf) and Sh for the others – is plotted against diagonality. The diagonal lines show the distribution predicted for walking gaits by the revised support-pattern model. Compare Figs 3 and 11.Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 415, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
Figure 9 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 9. Diagonality (D) plotted against the duty-factor index. The 100% line, along which Sf = Sh, represents the plane of the Hildebrand diagram, here seen edge-on. The diagonal black line is the bivariate least-squares regression line for all primate data (circles), excluding Callithrix (crosses). Black diamonds represent nonprimate data.Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 412, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
Figure 5 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 5. Curves of unilateral bipedality (Bu) and diagonal bipedality (Bd) against diagonality (D) for the case where the duty factors of the hind- and forelimbs are equal (Sh = Sf = S). K = S − 50. All variables (Bu, Bd, D, K, S) represent durations expressed as percentages of the stride period (time between two successive falls of the same foot).Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 407, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textCartmill, M., Lemelin, P., Schmitt, D. (2002): Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3): 401-420, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.
Figure 1 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 1. Quadrupedal gaits modelled as though being executed by two people in a horse costume. A, walking pace. The two bipeds are walking exactly in phase (diagonality = 0). B, running pace, shown during aerial phase (with all feet off the ground). The two bipeds are running in phase (diagonality = 0). C, running trot, shown during aerial phase. The two bipeds are running 180 ° out of phase; that is, the hind biped's cycle is running 50% of the cycle period ahead of the front biped's cycle (diagonality = 50). In a pace (A,B), both left feet (or both right feet) strike down together; in a trot (C), diagonally opposite feet strike down together. D, lateral-sequence (L-S) walk. The hind biped's cycle is running 25% of the cycle period ahead of the front biped's cycle (diagonality = 25%). E, diagonal-sequence (D-S) walk. The hind biped's cycle is running 75% of the cycle period ahead of the front biped's cycle (diagonality = 75%). In an L-S walk (D), the left hind footfall is followed by that of the left forefoot; in a D-S walk (E), it is followed by that of the right forefoot.Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 402, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Figure 4 in Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
No full textFigure 4. Support patterns for two gait cycles with similar duty factors but different diagonalities. In each diagram, the horizontal axis represents time, expressed as a percentage of stride period. Horizontal black bars represent stance phase (period of ground contact) for each foot (LH, left hind; LF, left fore; RF, right fore; RH, right hind). Duty factors are 64 for hind feet and 54 for fore feet. Since the gait is symmetrical, LH and RH footfalls differ by exactly 50% of the cycle, as do LF and RF footfalls, and left and right duty factors are the same. Each cycle starts with the LH footfall. Diagonality (percentage of cycle by which LF footfall trails LH footfall) equals 26 in cycle A and 56 in cycle B. Hatched bars below each diagram show periods of different support patterns (by 2 feet on the same side, 2 diagonally opposite feet, 3 feet, and 4 feet) during each cycle. The lengths and timing of these periods can be inferred from the timing of the liftoff and touchdown of each foot (vertical dashed lines), which can in turn be inferred from duty factors and diagonality.Published as part of Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. & Schmitt, D., 2002, Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals, pp. 401-420 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3) on page 406, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543690
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