1,720,959 research outputs found
La pratique du vélo d’hiver à Montréal : Freins, leviers, risques perçus et observés
Full text linkIl est reconnu qu’un transfert modal vers les déplacements à vélo génère de nombreux bénéfices, tant au niveau sociétal qu’individuel, tel que la réduction du trafic routier, la diminution de la pollution atmosphérique, sonore et des gaz à effet de serre, et a des retombés positives sur la santé physique et mentale chez les cyclistes. En croissance depuis plusieurs années à Montréal, les déplacements à vélo en hiver sont très peu documentés. Une proportion importante de la littérature sur les déplacements utilitaires à vélo trois saisons (printemps, été, automne) porte sur l’influence de l’environnement bâti. Or, de nombreuses autres variables, notamment les conditions météorologiques et l’appartenance à différents groupes de population, sont également déterminantes. Par ailleurs, à notre connaissance, aucune recherche ne porte sur l’accessibilité au réseau cyclable en hiver, et sur de potentielles situations d’iniquité en transport exacerbées durant cette saison. De plus, les risques spécifiques au vélo d’hiver et les particularités associées à cette pratique n’ont jusqu’à ce jour pas été étudiés.
L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de documenter les particularités de la pratique du vélo d’hiver à Montréal. Prenant la forme de trois articles scientifiques, il s’agit d’examiner la question suivante : dans quelle mesure les freins, leviers et risques perçus et observés influencent la pratique du vélo d’hiver à Montréal?
Le premier article a pour objectif de documenter la variété des usager.ère.s, d’identifier les risques et bénéfices perçus et de décrire les facteurs du sentiment d’inquiétude du vélo d’hiver. Les données primaires issues de quatre groupes de discussion permettent d’obtenir des informations sur différents thèmes identifiés dans la littérature représentant des potentiels motivations et obstacles à la pratique du vélo d’hiver. Les cyclistes ont été sondé.e.s sur la fréquence et le motif des déplacements durant l’année et lors de la saison hivernale, le nombre approximatif de kilomètres effectué par semaine, les caractéristiques précises des différents trajets, notamment l’accessibilité aux infrastructures cyclables, les avantages et inconvénients individuels et collectifs des déplacements, la représentation du cyclisme hivernal et les risques associés aux déplacements à vélo durant l’hiver. Le deuxième article a pour objectif de recenser les risques réels à partir d’une collecte mobile de données primaires et vise à mettre en relation ces risques observés avec les risques perçus par les cyclistes dans leurs déplacements en vélo d’hiver à Montréal. Ces données primaires proviennent de l’enregistrement vidéo des déplacements de dix cyclistes à l’aide d’un capteur installé sur les vélos, et d’entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés à la toute fin de la collecte de données. Elles permettent d’analyser avec les personnes participantes les potentielles disparités entre les risques perçus et observés. L’objectif du dernier article de la thèse est d’évaluer l’accessibilité au réseau cyclable hivernal dans la ville de Montréal. Il s’agit également de vérifier si les iniquités d’accès aux réseaux cyclables sont ou non exacerbées en hiver, comparativement aux autres saisons. Des mesures d’accessibilité sont évaluées et mises en relation avec les groupes de population identifiés dans la littérature comme étant en situation d’iniquités en transport, soit les enfants de 0 à 14 ans, les personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus, les individus avec un faible revenu, les minorités visibles et les personnes s’identifiant comme femmes.
D’après les résultats, les obstacles au vélo d’hiver varient grandement selon l’expérience des cyclistes. Plus les cyclistes se déplacent à vélo l’hiver, moins les risques perçus sont importants, fréquemment construits autour de croyances erronées sur une pratique encore considérée comme marginale. Des difficultés d’accès à l’information sur les déplacements à vélo l’hiver renforcent l’image d’une pratique téméraire et entravent le transfert modal. Selon les risques observés et ceux perçus par les cyclistes, les déplacements à vélo l’hiver n’engendrent pas de risques supplémentaires, comparativement aux autres saisons, nécessitant toutefois une préparation plus importante. Cependant, des iniquités d’accessibilité à un réseau cyclable adapté à l’hiver sont vécues par certains groupes de population et accentuées durant l’hiver. Le dernier chapitre aborde l’ensemble des enjeux soulevés dans les trois articles, présente les limites de la thèse et propose des perspectives de recherche futures.
It is well known that a modal shift towards bicycle travel generates numerous benefits, both societal and individual, such as reduced road traffic, reduced air, noise and greenhouse gas pollution, and positive repercussions on cyclists' physical and mental health. Although cycling in winter has been increasing in Montreal for a number of years, it remains largely undocumented. Much of the literature on utilitarian cycling in the spring, summer and autumn focuses on the influence of the built environment. However, many other variables, such as weather conditions and belonging to different population groups, are also decisive. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no research has been conducted on the accessibility of the cycling network in winter, and on potential transport inequities exacerbated during this season. In addition, the specific risks and particularities associated with winter cycling have not yet been studied.
The main objective of this thesis is to document the particularities of winter cycling in Montreal. Taking the form of three scientific articles, the aim is to examine the following question: to what extent do perceived and real risks, barriers and opportunities influence winter cycling in Montreal?
The objective of the first article is to document the variety of users, identify the perceived risks and benefits, and describe the factors behind the feeling of worry about winter cycling. Primary data from four focus groups provide information on various themes identified in the literature as potential motivators and barriers to winter cycling. Cyclists were questioned on the frequency and purpose of trips throughout the year and during the winter season, the approximate number of kilometres cycled per week, the specific characteristics of the various trips, in particular accessibility to cycling infrastructure, the personal and collective advantages and disadvantages of cycling, the perception of the cyclist and the risks associated with winter cycling. The aim of the second article is to identify actual risks based on a mobile collection of primary data, and to relate these observed risks to the risks perceived by cyclists in their winter cycling trips in Montreal. These primary data come from video recordings of the trips of ten cyclists using a sensor installed on their bikes, and from semi-directed interviews carried out at the very end of the data collection. This data enables the analysis of potential disparities between perceived and observed risks with the participants. The aim of the final article in the thesis is to evaluate the accessibility of the winter cycling network in the city of Montreal. It also aims to verify whether or not inequities to cycling networks are exacerbated in winter, compared to other seasons. Accessibility measures were evaluated and related to population groups identified in the literature as experiencing inequities in terms of accessibility to cycling infrastructures, such as children aged 0 to 14, people aged 65 and over, low-income individuals, visible minorities and women.
According to the results, barriers to winter cycling vary greatly according to cyclists' experience. The more cyclists travel by bike in winter, the lower are the perceived risks, frequently built around misconceptions about a practice still considered marginal. Difficult access to information on winter cycling reinforces the image of a reckless practice and obstructs the modal shift. According to the risks observed and those perceived by cyclists, winter cycling does not involve any additional risks compared with other seasons, although it does require more preparation. However, inequalities in access to a winter-adapted cycling network are experienced by certain population groups and increased during winter. The final chapter addresses all the issues raised in the three articles, presents the limitations of the dissertation, and proposes future research perspectives
Les nouveaux métiers à vélo : motivations, organisation du travail et risques encourus
Full text linkDans un contexte de ville durable, l’augmentation de la part modale du transport actif représente un fort potentiel de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et de la congestion routière en ville. Un nombre de plus en plus important de travailleuses et travailleurs utilise le vélo dans le cadre de leurs fonctions. En réponse au peu de littérature au sujet de ces activités, l’objectif principal de cette recherche est de documenter les facteurs de risques associés à l’utilisation du vélo, du point de vue des cyclistes, dans le cadre de l’exercice d’un travail à Montréal (autre que la livraison de courrier à vélo). Quelles sont les motivations qui expliquent l’usage du vélo dans le cadre d’un travail rémunéré, comment s’organise cette industrie et ses travailleuses et travailleurs, et quels sont les risques associés à l’usage du vélo dans le cadre du travail? Vingt entretiens semi-dirigés effectués avec des employées et employés, travailleuses et travailleurs autonomes, ainsi que des employeuses et employeurs ont permis de répondre à ce questionnement. Jumelés à un exercice de cartographie, ces entretiens ont révélé que les individus sont fréquemment soumis à des situations à risques, principalement celles et ceux qui pilotent un vélo traditionnel, mais que peu d’accidents ont lieu grâce aux précautions prises par les travailleuses et travailleurs. Par ailleurs, la croissance de cette pratique s’explique entre autres par la présence de nombreux entrepreneuses et entrepreneurs qui ont un souci de l’environnement et du développement local. Cette croissance est toutefois principalement caractérisée par une explosion de l’offre de livraison de nourriture à vélo, telles des entreprises comme UberEats, Foodora et Deliveroo. Un support aux nouvelles initiatives de petites entreprises de développement local, tant au niveau de la sécurité, qu’une aide financière au démarrage de ces projets, permettrait de répondre à de nombreux objectifs de la ville durable. In a sustainable development context, the increase of active transportation in the city represents a big opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion. In the past years, the number of individuals who use their bicycle as a work tool has increased considerably. Only a few articles have been written about the bike courier job, while almost no scientific studies examine those new forms of employment or autonomous work based on bicycle use in an urban environment. The main purpose of this project is to document the risks, from the cyclists point of view, associated with the use of a bicycle in a professional context in Montréal. What are the common and distinctive traits of the work organization of these jobs, the motivation to use this mode of transportation, and security issues associated with the working conditions. Through a qualitative research method, 20 interviews were made with workers and employers to shed light on the varying work environment of these individuals. Joined with a mental mapping exercise, these interviews revealed that workers are frequently exposed to critical situations, mainly workers that ride a traditional bicycle, but that few accidents happens, due to the precautions taken by the workers. The increase in numbers of bicycle workers can be explained by the presence of numerous entrepreneurs with a concern about a sustainable development. This increase is however mostly led by the food delivery industry, with large-scale enterprises such as Foodora, UberEATS and Deliveroo. A support to these initiatives, through improved security measures and economic development programs targeting local development projects, would help achieving many goals of a sustainable city
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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