1,721,413 research outputs found
Oil Pollution in the North Sea
No full textThis volume offers a review of measures taken at different levels to prevent oil inputs to the North Sea from sources such as shipping and oil installations. A range of data from satellites, remote sensing, aerial surveillance, in-situ monitoring, oil spill sampling and beached bird surveys presents a comprehensive portrait of trends in oil pollution over many years. Topics include Bonn Agreement-based actions to eliminate illegal and accidental pollution from ships, OSPAR monitoring of oil installations, EMSA CleanSeaNet activities, and an internationally approved common standard for oil spills presented by the Bonn-OSINet. A chapter on the role of the IMO in preventing oil pollution from ships provides an international context, while others discuss efforts being made at the national level. A decadal review of the state of the North Sea prepared by OSPAR supports the view that there has been a significant reduction of oil inputs to the sea. This thorough review addresses national and international agencies and government bodies, as well as policymakers and practitioners in the fields of shipping, ports and terminals, oil extraction and marine management. Further, it provides researchers with essential reference material on tools and techniques for monitoring oil pollution and offers a valuable resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students in the field of marine oil pollution
OSPAR Review of the State of the North Sea: Oil Inputs and their impacts on the Marine Environment of the North Sea
No full textThe scope of the OSPAR Commission includes monitoring input of pollutants from sea, land and atmospheric sources entering the North Sea and wider North-East Atlantic. The OSPAR Commission is responsible for implementing the requirements of the OSPAR Convention on the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. As part of its activities, the Commission published the results of those monitoring activities in Quality Status Reports in 2000 and 2010. Those reports set out the state of the environment in the OSPAR maritime area as a whole and its regional areas such as the North Sea. Data on oil inputs from the offshore oil and gas industry and from shipping that enters the North Sea is generally available, but less so for the broader OSPAR maritime area. Data on the impact of oil inputs on the marine environment has much more limited availability. This chapter provides an overview of the development of the OSPAR Convention and Commission and examines the findings of the Quality Status Reports, both for the wider OSPAR maritime area and the North Sea more specifically
Introduction
No full textThis book presents a review of knowledge on oil pollution in the North Sea. Making use of a range of data from satellite imagery, remote-sensing, aerial surveillance, in situ monitoring, oil spill sampling and beached bird surveys, it presents a picture of trends in oil pollution in the region over many years. It examines national practices in a number of North Sea states, the impact the North Sea being given Special Status for oil under the MARPOL Convention and the activities of the Bonn Agreement, OSPAR Commission and EMSA CleanSeaNet in monitoring the region. It also examines the development of a common method for oil spill identification by the Bonn-Oil Spill Identification Network and the use of sensors to identify spills in the German North Sea. The use of beached bird surveys in North Sea and in Dutch waters also provides a tool for monitoring chronic oil pollution in coastal waters. The publication brings together the work of scientists, legal and policy experts, academic researchers and specialists in various fields relating to marine environmental protection, oil pollution and the North Sea
Monitoring Oil Pollution from Oil and Gas Installations in the North Sea
No full textOil and gas installations are a source of oil inputs to the North Sea. Those inputs can include oil discharge as a result of production processes or from accidental spills. Two bodies play a major role in monitoring oil inputs from those installations. The OSPAR Commission is responsible for monitoring oil and gas installations against various performance standards, collects samples from those installations to determine whether those standards have been met or exceeded, and also monitors accidental spills. The Bonn Agreement Secretariat also plays a role through its aerial surveillance and, more recently, satellite monitoring activities in the North Sea region. Once a spill has been identified and confirmed as being mineral oil rather than other types of oils or even algae or a natural event, the Bonn Agreement seeks to identify the source of that oil. Through a programme of surveillance activities, it also specifically monitors the areas around oil and gas fields. This chapter provides an overview of the activities of the OSPAR Commission and Bonn Secretariat as they relate to oil and gas installations and examines data on inputs of oil to the marine environment to identify trends in oil pollution from those installations
European Maritime Safety Agency CleanSeaNet Activities in the North Sea
No full textThe transport of goods and people both within and from outside of the European Union (EU) depends heavily on its seas and oceans and the ports located on Europe’s coasts. The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) plays a significant role in monitoring and protecting those maritime regions of Europe from pollution and also in areas such as maritime safety and maritime security. Since its establishment in 2002, the role of EMSA has developed so that it offers a broad range of implementation and operational services to the European Commission and to EU Member States. The operational tasks of EMSA include providing a pollution prevention service, for example, and Earth Observation Services using satellite imagery. In particular, its CleanSeaNet (CSN) Service offers a European satellite-based oil spill and vessel detection service to help identify pollution entering the marine environment from ships in EU waters. This chapter provides an overview of the activities of EMSA in general and then considers in more detail the CSN Service. It examines data on satellite imagery for the period 2007–2011 for the North Sea region of Europe and identifies how those images have contributed to monitoring the region to identify oil inputs to the sea
European Maritime Safety Agency Activities in the Mediterranean Sea
No full textThe seas and oceans of the EU, together with the more than 12,000 commercial ports located in EU coastal states, play a major role in Europe’s economic security. Its seas and oceans are used to transport of goods and people from within and outside the EU, to produce food from fisheries and aquaculture, and to produce energy from both non-renewable (oil and gas) and renewable (wave, wind) energy sources. In order to protect Europe’s marine and coastal areas, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) plays a significant role in monitoring and protecting those maritime regions from pollution and ensuring the safety and security of ships operating in the region. EMSA has, since its establishment in 2002, developed a broad portfolio of operational and implementation services that it offers to the European Commission and EU Member States. For example, it provides a pollution prevention and response (PPR) service that provides operational assistance in the event of an oil spill at sea. It also provides an earth observation service with satellite-based oil spill detection through its CleanSeaNet (CSN) Service and vessel tracking through its SafeSeaNet (SSN) Service. This enables EMSA to support both identification of pollution at sea and potentially locate the source of that pollution. This chapter provides a broad overview of the activities of EMSA before focussing on specific activities relating to oil pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. It examines the availability of resources, ships and equipment, and different PPR activities taking place in the region. It also examines the availability of satellite imagery as a tool for oil spill detection during the period 2007-2011, for individual EU Member States in the region, together with more general observations post-2011
Towards Better Governance of the Channel Ecosystem: Report from the Promoting Effective Governance of the Channel Ecosystem Project
No full textThe first step in the PEGASEAS project was to review outputs from the relevant INTERREG IVa projects (see projects ) and identify the key lessons related to the improvement of governance in the Channel ecosystem. The results were compiled under six themes: Marine Ecosystems Dynamics and Management; Management and Use of Information and Data; Pressure and Activity on the Marine Environment; Governance at Multiple Scales in the Channel; Partnerships; Communication and Stakeholders Involvement. For each of these themes, questions of particular relevance to good governance in the Channel were identified and answered. The target audience for this document includes local, regional, national, cross-Channel marine governance practitioners and policy-makers. Universities and research institutions may also find much of interest in the report
Conclusions
Get PDFIn order to identify effective prevention programmes we reviewed over 200 studies involving more than 70,000 children. Furthermore, the studies we selected for review were the most methodologically robust that we could find using both computer and manual searches of the English language literature for the past quarter of a century. We can therefore place considerable confidence in our conclusions which are summarized in this chapter. Our conclusions concern the prevention of the following list of problems: 1. developmental delay in low birth weight infants 2. cognitive delays in socially disadvantaged children 3. adjustment problems in children with physical disabilities 4. adjustment problems in children with sensory disabilities 5. adjustment problems in children with autism 6. challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disabilities 7. physical abuse 8. sexual abuse 9. bullying 10. adjustment problems in children with asthma 11. adjustment problems in children with diabetes 12. teenage drug abuse 13. teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection 14. post-traumatic adjustment problems in children and adolescents 15. suicide in adolescence
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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