1,721,169 research outputs found
Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
No full textLuís Bettencourt provides a timely, comprehensive, and rigorous treatment of urban space, by contributing to the
advancement of knowledge in the field of urban science. The author develops a valuable scientific guide for researchers,
policymakers, practitioners, and students interested in understanding cities as complex systems. Today, more than half of
world's population lives in urban areas, and, according to theWorld Bank data, by 2045, urban citizens will increase up to
6 billion. Cities of different sizes will play a pivotal role in the postpandemic recovery and, most importantly, they will
make the green transition of our economies and societies really work in coming years. Therefore, understanding “how
each city and every one of its people is the result of the aggregation of many choices, accidents, and influences from
their compounded joint history” (p. xxi) becomes crucial to manage present and future local and global challenges
Decomposing personal income tax redistribution with application to Italy
No full textThe rise of wealth inequalities between and within nations is sustaining the request of reforming personal income taxes in many countries. A complete evaluation of the redistributive effects of tax instruments, however, implies investigating both vertical and horizontal equity aspects. I propose an augmented decomposition of the Reynolds-Smolensky index, where the reranking term is decomposed using geometric partition techniques, in order to measure how personal income tax instruments influence vertical and horizontal equity, as well. The application of the new method to novel Italian tax files suggests that the assessment of specific tax measures and/or tax reforms depends on which criterion of equity, vertical or horizontal, is adopted. The joint consideration of vertical and horizontal equity effects is also important when evaluating selected personal income tax instruments benefiting top income individuals and the tax measures adopted during the crisis. A specific focus on the regional redistributive effects of personal income tax is an additional key feature of this paper
Testing and explaining economic resilience with an application to Italian regions
No full textThis paper studies regional economic resilience by exploiting the properties of the non-linear smooth-transition autoregressive model. A testing procedure to distinguish between engineering and ecological resilience is presented, and a measurement of economic resilience is provided. Regional differences in economic resilience are explained by the presence of spatial interactions and by adopting a set of determinants like economic diversity, export performance, financial constraints, and human and social capital. An empirical investigation is conducted for analysing regional employment evolution in Italy from 1992 to 2012. Some concluding suggestions propose possible future areas of research
The contribution of tax statistics for analysing regional income disparities in Italy
No full textThis paper provides new insights on the study of regional income disparities in Italy by using
administrative microdata on individual tax returns. The main results of the paper can be listed as
follows. It is documented that inequality in this country is important when looking at the
distribution of income both between and within regions. High inequality levels are recorded
particularly when comparing the distribution of income of women and young people across
regions. From the decomposition of the redistributive effects of the Italian personal income tax, we
find that tax credits act for redistribution mostly in the South and tax schedules in the Centre North. The strengths and weaknesses of using tax files for analysing regional income disparities are
also discusse
Short, long and spatial dynamics of informal employment
No full textThis paper analyses regional shadow labour markets. Cross-regional migration flows are introduced in a stochastic two-sector model used to study the effects of regional interactions on informality. Empirical results show that informal activities across Italian regions are driven by the inefficient provision of public goods and high taxes. Regional connections are found to be significant. Place-specific reactions of informal employment to national shocks in the official economy are investigated, finding that the informal sector can act as a complement to or a substitute for formal activities. The summary of the results and policy conclusions are then discussed
La finanza locale in tempo di crisi. Verso un modello di decentramento più equo e sostenibile?
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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