1,720,973 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Regulation on Safety and civil Liability of intelligent autonomous Robots: the case of smart Cars
Full text linkNowadays science and technology offer us artificial intelligence (AI) “embodied” in robots. They are able to self-learn, self-organize and self-reproduce, thanks to genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks and other tools. The focus of this research includes results from the diffusion of a social phenomenon consisting in the application of robots in the most disparate realities (industrial and domestic). Robotics is the AI branch whose aim is to build machines that are able “to feel, to think and to act”. A robot is a complex system that integrates many AI results: such as vision, natural language, study of the movement, communication, machine learning, and knowledge representation and planning. Robotics presents a fascinating and unexpected scenario. Everything we have seen until now - cars, computers, mobile phones and internet - is an AI product and robots in a near future will be used in factories, in yards, in offices, and they will work as nurses in hospitals and in households. The development of robots raises new ethical, legal and social issues, such as the allocation of civil liability when a robot harms a human being. If software agents can process and take decisions autonomously who will be held liable in case of harmful consequences of these decisions? The manufacturer, the programmer, the owner, or other subjects? The answer requires an analysis on both ex ante and ex post tortious event.
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Aujourd’hui science et technologie nous offrent l’intelligence artificielle (AI) «incarnés» dans les robots. Ils sont capables d’apprendre, de s’organiser et de se reproduire, grâce à des algorithmes génétiques, réseaux de neurones artificiels et d’autres outils. L’objectif de cette recherche comprend les résultats de la diffusion d’un phénomène social consistant dans l’application de robots dans les réalités les plus divers (domestiques et industriels). Robotique est le secteur du AI dont le but est de construire des machines qui sont en mesure de «sentir, penser et agir». Un robot est un système complexe qui intègre de nombreux résultats du AI: tels que la vision, la langue naturelle, l’étude du mouvement, la communication, l’apprentissage machine, et la représentation de la connaissance et de la planification. Robotique présente un scénario fascinant et inattendu. Tout ce que nous avons vu jusqu’à présent - les voitures, les ordinateurs, les téléphones mobiles et Internet - est un produit du AI et les robots dans un proche avenir seront utilisés dans les usines, les gares, les bureaux et ils vont travailler comme infirmières dans les hôpitaux et dans les ménages. Le développement de robots soulève de nouvelles questions éthiques, juridiques et sociales, telles que l’attribution de la responsabilité civile quand un robot nuit un être humain. Si des agents logiciels peuvent traiter et prendre des décisions de manière autonome qui sera tenu responsable en cas de conséquences néfastes de ces décisions? Le fabricant, le programmateur, le propriétaire, ou d’autres sujets? La réponse exige une analyse relative ex ante et ex post le fait générateur
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Higher Education in Cameroon, South Africa, and Nigeria. Training Academics in the Use of ICTs
No full textSince the 1960s, some Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have attracted great interest in some African countries for their potential to facilitate access to education and improve quality. Digital platforms offer online courses and resources, enabling students to learn from anywhere, especially those living in areas with few schools or teachers. In addition, ICTs can improve student digital literacy and help teachers engage and interact more effectively. However, the use of ICT presents several challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, electricity, and connectivity, particularly in rural and low-income areas, as well as insufficient digital literacy among academics and inappropriate use of ICT by academics. To address these challenges, we aim to investigate the ICT training provided to academics in select African universities of Cameroon, South Africa, and Nigeria. This study analyses the features of African ICT training courses in higher education and their effectiveness in imparting knowledge on the use of ICTs. The analysis of the current characteristics of ICT training courses for academics also provides valuable guidance for proposing recommendations to design future ICT training courses in higher education
Open Science and Open Education: First Look into Legal Frameworks Concerning Switzerland. Report produced within research projects funded by the LH for MENA region
No full textThis report is produced as part of an Open Education study supported by the Leading House (LH) for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and projects concerned are: a) "Vers une politique d’ouverture aux REL: Etat de l’art et perspectives" and b) "Building on Open Science and Open Education Capacities across the Mediterranean to Support the Emergence of Open Scholars". The report is used to understand, in relation to education (training and learning) and research in Geneva, the regulatory frameworks to be considered for the target audience of teachers and students of the University of Geneva. The research work provides a detailed overview of the regulatory frameworks governing Open Science, Open Educational Resources, Global Citizenship and Sustainability at the international, European, national and local levels in Geneva. Existing regulations, policies and initiatives affecting the academic and research environment are examined.</p
A semantic-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) reasoning tool to analyse the link between cyber security and safety for Internet of Vehicle (IoV) and Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)
No full textCurrent technological developments have led to a great deal of embedded sensors, connected objects, and their related networks and communication to be present in the transport area involving Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), aircraft, trains, as well as road infrastructures. Various types of signals and connections, occurring on the Internet of Vehicle (IoV), are vulnerable to security attacks, which can cause the system to fail with serious consequences on the user’s safety. Research on IoV security focuses on securing communication between nodes. Only a few studies have investigated the relationships between security and safety in IoV. Our approach addresses this gap by providing semantic-based analysis to jointly explore safety and security. We propose a semantic-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) reasoning tool to analyse the causal relationships between cyber security and safety for IoV and AVs. This tool runs on the ontology, named Security-Safety Internet of Vehicles (SSIoV) ontology, which represents both security-safety knowledge about IoV domain. Our goal is to perform reasoning and inferences on security vulnerabilities and their impact on safety risks, based on data extracted from real-world scenarios. This research falls in the research areas of cyber-security, because: (a) it involves securing current and future vehicles and charging infrastructures; (b) it uses a semantic AI approach for enhancing cyber-defence; (c) it detects IoV and AV components, vulnerabilities, and risks. Therefore, this tool is also useful to improve preventive cyber-defence capabilities in the IoV and AVs area. Finally, this study contributes to enhance the safety of Switzerland’s IoV-critical road infrastructure
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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