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Estudis bioquímics i funcionals de les proteïnes implicades en la Leucoencefalopatia Megalencefàlica amb Quists subcorticals
Get PDF[cat]La Leucoencefalopatia Megalencefàlica amb Quists subcorticals (MLC) és un tipus rar de leucodistròfia vacuolitzant de progressió lenta, que presenta com a principals característiques clíniques macrocefàlia acusada durant els primers anys de vida, deteriorament de les funcions motores, epilèpsia i retard mental de grau mig. L’any 2001 es va identificar el primer gen responsable de la malaltia en humans denominat MLC1, tot i que existien pacients de MLC que no presentaven mutacions en MLC1 ni lligació amb el seu locus. Això suggeria que hi havia com a mínim un altre gen involucrat en la malaltia. MLC1 codifica per una proteïna de membrana que porta el mateix nom que s’expressa en cèl•lules glials. La funció de MLC1 és desconeguda però estudis bioquímics van mostrar que mutacions en aquesta proteïna provoquen una reducció dels nivells de proteïna a la membrana i una forta retenció al reticle endoplasmàtic. L’objectiu general d’aquesta Tesi és avançar en la comprensió del possible mecanisme d’acció i la funció de la proteïna MLC1 i així aprofundir en el coneixement de la fisiopatologia de la malaltia. Per realitzar aquest objectiu es va seguir l’aproximació experimental d’identificar i analitzar l’interactoma de MLC1. Per poder validar interaccions entre proteïnes de membrana es va utilitzar el mètode PCA de Split-TEV. Es va observar que el mètode no presentava suficient especificitat i per això, es van realitzar una sèrie de modificacions en la tècnica per obtenir una nova variant de la metodologia amb alta sensibilitat i especificitat. Paral•lelament, es van realitzar estudis de genòmica i proteòmica que van permetre obtenir un llistat de proteïnes candidates a interaccionar amb MLC1. Es van seleccionar les proteïnes més interessants i es va validar la interacció amb MLC1 per coimmunolocalització en cultius primaris d’astròcits de rata i pel mètode de Split-TEV. Mitjançant col•laboracions del grup es va realitzar un estudi genètic dels candidats favorables a interaccionar amb MLC1 i així es va identificar a GlialCAM com a segon gen implicat en MLC. GlialCAM és una proteïna amb una estructura similar a les proteïnes d’adhesió que s’expressa en cèl•lules glials. Estudis del grup van descriure a GlialCAM com a subunitat β de MLC1 i subunitat auxiliar del canal de clorur ClC-2, ja que és capaç d’interaccionar i dirigir aquestes proteïnes a les zones de contacte entre cèl•lules i provocar canvis funcional en el canal. El descobriment de GlialCAM va fer focalitzar els objectius de la Tesi en l’estudi d’aquesta proteïna. Es van realitzar estudis d’estructura-funció de GlialCAM mitjançant la utilització de proteïnes quimèriques i la generació de delecions. Aquests estudis van identificar el domini extracel•lular de GlialCAM com a domini responsable de la interacció en cis i en trans de la proteïna. El domini citoplasmàtic es va relacionar amb la localització de la proteïna a les unions cel•lulars i finalment, es van identificar els primers aminoàcids del domini transmembrana de GlialCAM com els responsables dels canvis funcionals de ClC-2. També es van generar i caracteritzar els models knock-down tant de MLC1 com de GlialCAM en cultius primaris d’astròcits de rata. L’estudi d’aquests models i de complementacions dels models amb l’expressió de proteïnes humanes o diferents mutacions de MLC1 i GlialCAM, van permetre descriure GlialCAM com a xaperona necessària per la sortida del reticle endoplasmàtic i la localització de MLC1 a les unions astrocitàries. Estudis funcionals van permetre relacionar MLC1 amb l’activitat VRAC i el control del volum cel•lular i es va identificar com a proteïna responsable de l’aparició de vacuoles astrocitàries en els pacients de MLC. Finalment, es va observar que les mutacions en MLC1 eren capaces d’activar VRAC per se i causaven el defecte en trobar-se retingudes. La coexpressió de GlialCAM amb aquestes mutacions de MLC1 provocava una recuperació de la localització de MLC1 i una disminució del fenotip vacuolitzant astrocitari. Aquest resultat podria ser el principi d’una possible teràpia pels pacients amb MLC basada en l’augment de l’expressió en superfície de les variants mutants de MLC1.[eng]Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with subcortical Cysts (MLC) is a rare type of leukodystrophy characterized by early-onset macrocephaly and delayed-onset neurological deterioration. In 2001 MLC1 was identified as the first gen involved in 75% of human MLC patients. These results suggested that there was at least another gen involved in MLC pathogenesis. MLC1 is a membrane protein with an unknown function that is expressed in glial cells. Biochemical studies showed a decrease of surface expression and retention in the endoplasmatic reticulum in MLC1 mutations. The principal aim of this study is to advance in the knowledge of the MLC pathogenesis and the MLC1 function. To accomplish the study, the group performed the identification and analysis of the MLC1 interactome as experimental approach. The Split-TEV method was used to identify interactions between membrane proteins. However this method showed a low specificity and some modifications were developed to obtain a new variant of Split-TEV method with high sensibility and specificity. At the same time, using genomic and proteomic studies we identified a list of interaction proteins that were candidates to belong to the MLC1 interactome. The interaction candidates were validated by coimmunolocalization in astrocyte primary cultures and by Split-TEV method. A genetic study was performed with the most favourable candidates and GlialCAM was identified as the second gene involved in MLC disease. GlialCAM is a membrane protein with a similar structure to the adhesion proteins that is expressed in glial cells. Biochemical studies identified GlialCAM as a β subunit of MLC1 and as an auxiliary subunit of the ClC-2 chloride channel. The aim of this study was focused then to advance in the knowledge of the GlialCAM protein. We conducted structure-function studies using chimaeric proteins and GlialCAM deletions. These studies identified the extracellular domain of GlialCAM as the responsible domain of the cis and trans protein interaction. The citoplasmatic domain was related to the correct location of the protein in the cell-cell junctions, and the first aminoacids of the transmembrane domain were responsible for the functional changes in ClC-2. Finally, we developed and characterized MLC1 and GlialCAM knock-down models in astrocyte primary cultures. The study of these models and its complementation with MLC1 and GlialCAM human variants or/and MLC1 and GlialCAM mutant variants, identified a new function of GlialCAM as a chaperone needed for MLC1 endoplasmatic reticulum exit and correct localization in astrocytic junctions. Functional studies implicated MLC1 with the VRAC activation and cell volume regulation. Moreover the coexpression of MLC1 mutant variants with GlialCAM caused an increase of surface expression of MLC1 mutant variants and an activation of VRAC function. These results may be the beginning of a possible pharmacological strategy to obtain a therapy for MLC patients
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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