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A DEMOCRATIZAÃÃO DO ENSINO MÃDIO â ontem e hoje
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(34) 10 Candido Alberto C. Gomes
<span
style="font-weight: bold;">
O Ensino Médio no Brasil, nas décadas
passadas, concentrava-se nas capitais estaduais e era
acessível
apenas a uma parte restrita da população. Nos
anos 90, o
decréscimo da reprovação e do abandono
no Ensino
Fundamental levou a uma expressiva expansão do Ensino
Médio. Segundo os dados censitários, a
democratização desse nível de ensino
se faz
lentamente e parece afetar, de modo negativo, o desempenho dos
estudantes socialmente desprivilegiados, ou seja, apesar da
significativa expansão do acesso, as oportunidades de
escolarização proporcionadas tendem a ser
desiguais. O
Ensino Médio ainda é urbano e concentrado nas
capitais
estaduais, em detrimento dos outros Municípios das
Regiões Metropolitanas e Microrregiões das
Capitais. As
populações não brancas apresentam
taxas de
participação e níveis de
realização
mais baixos, apesar do controle das variáveis renda familiar
per
capita e do nível de escolaridade do pai. Quanto aos
portadores
de necessidades especiais, esses estão subrepresentados e em
grande parte segregados. Por seu lado, as mulheres têm
alcançado participação crescente na
matrícula e no nível médio de
escolaridade, o que
é amplamente devido ao menor custo de oportunidade. Sua
realização educacional, em média,
é
superior à dos rapazes, o que confirma a literatura segundo
a
qual a cultura escolar é mais compatível com os
padrões da socialização feminina.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ensino Médio, Brasil,
democratização, gênero, grupos
étnicos.
DEMOCRATIZATION OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION - past and present
<span
style="font-style: italic;">Candido Alberto da Costa Gomes
Secondary education in Brazil was concentrated in state
capital cities and accessible to limited social groups in the past
decades. In the 90's the decrease of repetition and drop out rates in
primary schools led to high expansion of secondary education gross and
net enrolment rates. According to census data, democratization of this
level of education is slow and seems to affect negatively the
performance of socially underprivileged students, i. e., despite the
increased access, the quality of educational opportunities are unequal.
In the end of that decade secondary education was still concentrated in
state capital cities and in urban areas in general, excluding the
periphery of metropolitan areas. The enrolment rates and the school
achievement of non-white populations are substantially lower, even when
per capita family and income and father’s level of schooling
are
controlled. Handicapped youths are largely underrepresented and in
substantial proportion segregated. However, women have had increasing
participation in enrolment and average level of schooling, as a result
of lower opportunity cost in relation to men. The young
women’s
school achievement is in average higher, confirming findings of the
literature, concerning the compatibility between school culture and
female socialization patterns. Therefore, progress in democratization
has been slow and does not favor all the social groups. Furthermore,
expansion seems to affect negatively achievement, particularly of
lower SES students.
KEYWORDS: Average teaching, Brazil, equity, gender, ethnic groups.
Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: <a
href="http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br/">http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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