1,721,242 research outputs found
Take a breath: oxygen sensing of epidermal differentiation
No full textskin serves as a barrier to protect our body from injury, pathogens and trans-epidermal water loss. It is the only tissue directly exposed to oxygen besides lungs. air exposure is an essential step of in vitro generation skin graft. however, the role of oxygen in this process remains hitherto unclear. teshima et al. unveiled the impact of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway on epidermal differentiation in three-dimensional skin models. the authors of this work describe how air-lifting of organotypic epidermal cultures impairs HIFs activity, leading to a proper terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and stratification
Gene expression in organoids: an expanding horizon
No full textrecent development of human three-dimensional organoid cultures has opened new doors and opportunities ranging from modelling human development in vitro to personalised cancer therapies. these new in vitro systems are opening new horizons to the classic understanding of human development and disease. however, the complexity and heterogeneity of these models requires cutting-edge techniques to capture and trace global changes in gene expression to enable identification of key players and uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. rapid development of sequencing approaches made possible global transcriptome analyses and epigenetic profiling. despite challenges in organoid culture and handling, these techniques are now being adapted to embrace organoids derived from a wide range of human tissues. here, we review current state-of-the-art multi-omics technologies, such as single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility assays, employed to study organoids as a model for development and a platform for precision medicine
Emerging roles of long non-coding RNAs in breast cancer biology and management
No full text: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women with the highest mortality among this gender. Despite treatment strategies including surgery, hormone therapy and targeted therapy have recently advanced, innovative biomarkers are needed for the early detection, treatment and prognosis. An increasing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have shown great potential as crucial players in different stages of the breast cancer tumorigenesis, influencing cell death, metabolism, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and drug resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), specifically, are a class of RNA transcripts with a length greater than 200 nucleotides, which have also been shown to exerts oncogenic or tumour suppressive roles in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. LncRNAs are implicated in different molecular mechanisms by regulating gene expressions and functions at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Here, we aim to briefly discuss the latest existing body of knowledge regarding the key functions and the molecular mechanisms of some of the most relevant lncRNAs in the pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis of breast cancer
Long non-coding RNAs affecting cell metabolism in cancer
No full textMetabolic reprogramming is commonly recognized as one important hallmark of cancers. Cancer cells present significant alteration of glucose metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism. Recent findings demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs control cancer development and progression by modulating cell metabolism. Here, we give an overview of breast cancer metabolic reprogramming and the role of long non-coding RNAs in driving cancer-specific metabolic alteration
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The cornified envelope: A model of cell death in the skin
No full textThe epidermis functions as a barrier against the environment by means of several layers of terminally differentiated, dead keratinocytes - the cornified layer, which forms the endpoint of epidermal differentiation and death. The cornified envelope replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes and consists of keratins that are enclosed within an insoluble amalgam of proteins, which are crosslinked by transglutaminases and surrounded by a lipid envelope. New insights into the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of cornification are increasing our understanding of the pathological defects of this unique form of programmed cell death, which is associated with barrier malfunctions and ichthyosis
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