1,721,216 research outputs found
Assessment of disorders of ovulation
No full textAssessment of ovulation starts with a detailed menstrual history as menstruation provides the outward sign of the rhythmic changes taking place in the hypothalamus, the pituitary, the ovaries and the endometrium. Regular menstrual cycles in the range 25–35 days are usually indicative of ovulation. Patients with disorders of ovulation often experience absent periods (amenorrhoea) or irregular periods (oligomenorrhoea). Patients experiencing these symptoms require a detailed medical assessment based on a full history and examination followed by appropriate endocrine and imaging investigations. Through its focus on history and examination, laboratory and diagnostic assessment, detection of ovulation and detection of ovarian reserve, this article reviews the effective assessment of disorders of ovulation
Disorders of ovulation [In special issue: Women and the ovary]
No full textA regular ovulatory menstrual cycle requires a functional and integrated feedback system involving the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the ovary (Figure 1). In the normal menstrual cycle, periods occur at regular intervals of 21–35 days and bleeding lasts for up to 7 days. Disorders of ovulation usually cause menstrual disturbance and present with irregular periods (oligomenorrhoea) or absent periods (amenorrhoea). Irregular periods with anovulatory cycles are commonest under age 20 and over age 40. Ovulatory disorders account for one-quarter of couples presenting with infertility. Anovulation may be classified by the anatomical location of the defect in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis (Figure 2). By focusing on ovarian, hypothalamic and endocrine defects, this article offers an overview of the disorders of ovulation
Consequences of fetal growth restriction during childhood and adult life
No full textOver the last decade, a series of epidemiological studies has begun to change the way in which we think about fetal growth restriction. Whereas previous attention was mainly focused on timing and mode of delivery, evidence now exists that this may represent one facet of a much broader spectrum of care.The ‘Fetal Origins of Adult Disease’ or ‘Barker’ hypothesis postulates that perturbed growth in utero may cause permanent physiological changes (programming) within the fetus. This is thought to increase susceptibility to chronic disease during adult life, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. In essence, a fetus subjected to adverse conditions in utero undergoes a series of adaptations. These prime it for a postnatal life in which similar adverse conditions, such as scarcity of food, are anticipated. For those born into societies with calorie-rich diets, food is abundant rather than scarce, and adaptations made to anticipate harsh conditions now become a burden. The term ‘programming’ is used to describe the mechanisms which determine fetal adaptation. Such changes are thought to follow gene–environment interaction during specific periods of fetal development.This review outlines the evidence for the Barker hypothesis, summarizing possible long-term consequences of the influence of the intra-uterine environment for both children and adults
Crime et répression en Guyenne au XVIIIe siècle : Cameron (Iain A.), Crime and repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720-1790, Cambridge University Press, 1981
No full textCastan Yves. Crime et répression en Guyenne au XVIIIe siècle : Cameron (Iain A.), Crime and repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720-1790, Cambridge University Press, 1981. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 94, N°159, 1982. pp. 457-459
Abnormal uterine bleeding
No full textIntroduction: It is not uncommon for a woman to suffer from abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) or heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) at some point during her lifetime. Once pathology is excluded, in practice, management needs to be individualised, taking into account the improvement of the woman's symptoms and quality of life.Sources of data: Peer-reviewed journals, governmental and professional society publications.Areas of agreement: There is now agreement on a structured, universal approach to the diagnosis of AUB, with the aide memoirs PALM (polyps, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy) and COEIN (coagulopathies, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, not otherwise classified). Once malignancy and significant pelvic pathology have been ruled out, medical treatment is an effective first-line therapeutic option, with surgery, including endometrial ablation and hysterectomy, offered when medical management has failed to resolve symptoms and fertility is no longer desired.Areas of controversy: There remains controversy around the management of the types and subtypes of adenomyosis and leiomyoma, and understanding their impact on clinical reproductive outcomes.Areas currently under development: Standardised assessment tools for measuring outcomes of AUB are being developed.Areas timely for developing research: Novel diagnostic and monitoring tools should be developed to help stratify treatment for women with AUB, particularly relating to 'unclassified' and 'endometrial' causes.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Specific PKC isoforms regulate blastocoel formation during mouse preimplantation development preimplantation development
No full textDuring early mammalian development, blastocyst morphogenesis is achieved by epithelial differentiation of trophectoderm (TE) and its segregation from the inner cell mass (ICM). Two major interrelated features of TE differentiation required for blastocoel formation include intercellular junction biogenesis and a directed ion transport system, mediated by Na+/K+ ATPase. We have examined the relative contribution of intercellular signalling mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and gap junctional communication in TE differentiation and blastocyst cavitation. The distribution pattern of four (y, u, L/E, ~) PKC isoforms and PKCA/PKD1 showed partial colocalisation with the tight junction marker ZO-1a+ in TE and all four PKCs (y, u, L/E, ~) showed distinct TE/ICM staining patterns (predominantly at the cell membrane within the TE and cytoplasmic within the ICM), indicating their potential contribution to TE differentiation and blastocystmorphogenesis. Specific inhibition of PKCy and ~ activity significantly delayed blastocyst formation. Although modulation of these PKCisoforms failed to influence the already established programme of epithelial junctional differentiation within the TE, Na+/K+ ATPase a1 subunit was internalised from membrane to cytoplasm. Inhibition of gap junctional communication, in contrast, had no influence on any of these processes. Our results demonstrate for the first time that distinct PKC isotypes contribute to the regulation of cavitation in preimplantation embryos via target proteins including Na+/K+ ATPase
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