181,314 research outputs found
Callaghan A.-R. et Millington A.-J. The wheat industry in Australia, 1956
No full textHuetz de Lemps Alain. Callaghan A.-R. et Millington A.-J. The wheat industry in Australia, 1956. In: Cahiers d'outre-mer. N° 53 - 14e année, Janvier-mars 1961. p. 117
(Table 2) Biometric characteristics of Phleum alpinum at Lyngmarksbugt (Godhavn) on Disko Island
No full textValues for 1970 interpolated from graphs in Callaghan (1972, PhD thesis)
data and code for Callaghan et al. 2021. Global abundance estimates for 9,700 bird species. PNAS
No full textThis repository contains code and data for Callaghan et al. 2021. Global abundance estimates for 9,700 bird species. PNAS. (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023170118). This readme is intended to provide an overview of the data analysis. eBird data are free to download (https://ebird.org/data/download) and we used the eBird basic dataset (version ebd_relMay2019). The first thing to note is that the eBird dataset is a ‘live’ dataset whereby records from the past can be added or removed currently. This means that we could have used a record in our dataset that was present when we downloaded the data, but no longer present. This readme is set up to guide an interested user through the repository and only focuses on highlighting the main steps/workflow and does not highlight the function of every R script. It anticipates that a reader has read the Methods section of the paper in detail
Estimating extreme beach erosion frequency from a Monte Carlo simulation of wave climate
No full textCALLAGHAN, D. P., NIELSEN, P. and RANASINGHE, R., 2007. Estimating extreme beach erosion frequency from a Monte Carlo simulation of wave climate. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 88 - 92. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.020
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Pheles caatingensis Callaghan & Nobre, new species
No full textPheles caatingensis Callaghan & Nobre, new species Diagnosis. Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. belongs to the tribe Riodinini Grote 1865 as indicated by a deeply notched posterior section of the tegumen (Fig. 9), and a pedicel forming a posterior tube-like projection not attached to the valvae of the male genitalia (Harvey 1985). Superficially, the new species is closest to the genus Pheles Herrich- Schaeffer [1863], particularly with the species Pheles strigosa, (Staudinger, 1876) and Pheles atricolor (Butler, 1871) sharing the orange scaling on the collar, orange palpae with a short third section, orange scaling on the abdomen around the genitalia, and wing shape and black coloring with a white apical spot on the forewing and with blue streaks between the veins. However, the genitalia of both sexes of P. caatingensis sp. nov. are different from those of Pheles; the male genitalia lack the scobinate patch, or vogelkopf on the end of the pedicel, and have instead a fork serving as a guide for the aedeagus. The aedeagus is modified with a long, curved point on the end. The female genitalia have a highly modified ostium bursae with an evaginated sinus vaginalis and a large, notched medial lamella postvaginalis, all characters not found in Pheles. The antennae are clubbed, and the shaft is without heavy scaling found in Pheles. However, because of the superficial similarities, P. caatingensis sp. nov. is provisionally left in the genus Pheles until its proper generic placement can be ascertained. Description. MALE: (Figs 1,2,7,8,9,11.) Forewing length of holotype: 15.1 mm; Paratypes: 13.5 – 16.0 mm (n= 16). Wing Shape: Forewing costa slightly concave medially, curving slightly to apex, distal margin curved slightly convex to Cu 1, then straight to tornus, anal margin straight. Hindwing costa curved to rounded apex, distal margin rounded from apex to M 3, then straight to rounded tornus, anal margin slightly curved to base. Dorsal surface: Wing ground color black, variable white scaling along the veins, except 3 A. Fringe white and black scaling intermixed with a white marginal line. Forewing with a white 1 mm wide irregular subapical transverse band from R 2 to cell Cu 1 –Cu 2, slightly bent in cell M 3 –Cu 1 with a few scattered brown scales along the edge, and a longitudinal white streak in cell Cu 2 – 2 A. Ventral surface: Maculation and color similar to dorsal surface. Ground color black with variable white scaling along the veins, especially on forewing apex distally of the white subapical band with white streaks distally in cells M 1 –Cu 2 and along costal border of cell; hindwing with white scaling along all veins and additional faint parallel white streaks distally in cells M 1–3 A; some irregular orange scaling at base of both wings; white forewing band as on dorsal surface. Head: Eyes dark brown (grey in live specimens), marginal scaling, frons and head dorsally orange; labial palpi short, light orange with black tips; antennal length 7.9 mm, base of antennae and segments black without heavy scaling, clubs segmented and rough, reddish brown scaling ventrally. Body: Dorsal surface color of thorax black, thorax pubescent laterally, epaulets black; ventral surface of thorax dark grey, pubescent, with a lateral orange spot, forelegs dark grey and very pubescent; midlegs and hindlegs femur black, tibia and tarsus lighter with some yellow scaling; abdomen dorsally black with light scaling caudad on segments, an orange line laterally and tufts of orange scaling around genitalia. Genitalia: (Figs. 7,8,9) Uncus slightly bilobed, tegumen short, with a deeply indented notch on the posterior margin (Fig. 9), falces curved, sharp, posterior extension slightly indented dorsally; vinculum fused to posterior margin of tegumen at base of the notch, vinculum narrow, curving L–shaped with small flange and attached to ventral center of valvae without saccus; valvae cup shaped, extending caudad to a sharp, upward curving point; dorsally from the valvae extends a high, elaborate transtilla fusing the posterior half of the valvae with two sharp, dorsally projecting processes on each side; aedeagus curved, with a long, curved, pointed tip; pedicel forms a posterior tube–like projection from the aedeagus, terminating in a wide, bifurcated structure supporting the aedeagus and connected basally to the valvae. FEMALE: (Figs. 3,4,5,6,10) Forewing length 14.7mm (14.1–15.5mm, n= 4). Wing color and markings nearly identical to male. Wing shape: Forewing, same as male with distal margin slightly broader, hindwing same. Dorsal surface: Ground color black as in male, with white scaling along the veins and the white post discal transverse band slightly wider than on male; margin and fringe white. Ventral surface: Ground color black with veins outlined in white with parallel lines in the cells distad of white band on forewing and on hindwing and some orange scaling at base, as on male. Head: Eyes black, marginal scaling, frons below antennae and dorsally orange, labial palpi slightly longer than male, visible in front of face when viewed dorsally, orange with lighter tips than male, antennae length 7.9 mm, black with black scaling around base, as in male; Body: Dorsal surface color of thorax and abdomen black, ventral surface cream; forelegs, midlegs and hindlegs with dark orange scaling, lighter than male; abdomen (Fig. 6) black with broken orange lateral line, segments outlined caudally with white scaling; slight orange scaling around papillae anales. Genitalia: (Fig. 10) Corpus bursae round with two long, curved and pointed invaginate signa; ductus bursae leaves corpus bursae as wide, short, lightly sclerotized tube; ostium bursae funnel shaped, bent to the right when viewed caudad; the connection to the ductus bursae is a complex sclerotized evaginated tube, the sinus vaginalis, connected to a smaller tube forming a receptacle for the ductus seminalis; the ostium bursae ventrally extends into the medial lamella postvaginalis, which is a broad, deeply notched plate with two rounded processes at the base; papillae anales rounded, deeply bifurcated and pubescent. Type material. Holotype MALE with the following label: BRASIL: Ceará, Brejo Santo –PMN 12, PISF – 08.V. 2013, C.E. Nobre, leg. The holotype is deposited in the Museu Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo) Paratypes: BRASIL: 17 males, 5 females, Ceará, Brejo Santo - PMN 12, PISF – 5 December, 2012, C.E. Nobre, leg; ibid 2 males, PISF – 22 April, 2013, C.E. Nobre leg; ibid 2 males PISF – 22 April, 2013, T.B. Souza, leg; ibid 10 males, PISF – 8 May, 2013, C.E. Nobre, leg.; 1 male (DZ 28.358), 1 female (DZ 21.059), Bahia, Juazeiro, 19 February, 1966, ex- col. D´Almeida(DZUP); 1 male (DZ 28.356), ibid 300m, 19 July, 1973, Cursino & Mielke leg (DZUP); 1 male (DZ 26.411), ibid 17 September, 1967, Cursino leg.(DZUP). Paratypes are deposited in the Museu do CEMAFAUNA-Caatinga, Univasf, Petrolina, and the Coleção Entomológica Pe. J. S. Moure, UFPR (DZUP), and the collection of C. Callaghan, Bogotá, Colombia. Etymology. The species is named after the biogeographic Caatinga Province in which it is found. Biology. The type locality of Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. is situated in the Brazilian Northeastern semiarid domain, in the municipality of Brejo Santo, Ceará state (altitude of 380 meters (7 o 35 ’ 12.67 ’’ S, 38 o 52 ’08.08’’ W; Fig. 23). The average annual rainfall is around 930 mm concentrated between January and April (FUNCEME 2013). The habitat is a narrow gallery forest with trees up to 15 meters high on the margins of the Riacho dos Porcos, a permanent stream sustained by the Açude Atalho dam upstream (Fig. 14). In many spots, crops and pasture replace the native gallery forest as it winds through the surrounding shrub-dense, deciduous Caatinga vegetation. Tree species that occur in this habitat include: Pterogyne nitens Tul., Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth ex DC., Geoffroea spinosa Jacq., Enterolobium contortisiquum (Vell.) Morong, and Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Fabaceae); Sideroxylum obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn (Sapotaceae) and Sapindus saponaria L. (Rhamnaceae); Lianas are abundant, especially in the rainy season, including Serjania glabrata Kunnth (Sapindaceae), and some Araceae (Figs. 12,13,14). In addition to human activities, the gallery forest habitat is threatened by Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. (Apocynaceae) an exotic Southeast Asian plant, which occurs throughout the margins of Riacho dos Porcos, and in some spots has replaced the local vegetation (Fig. 15). Due to its known aggressiveness (Grice 1997; Silva & Cavalcante 2009), monitoring this species is important to prevent further damage to the already compromised local gallery forest, in addition to its effects on the biology of Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. The vines and foliage of this plant cut sunlight from the forest floor, limiting the presence of understory vegetation (Fig. 16). This has an impact on the habitat of Pheles caatingensis sp. nov., for in areas where the plant was common, the butterfly was notably infrequent. Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. individuals concentrate in the shade of large trees, resting on the lower surface of the leaves with wings spread and antennae together (Figs. 5,6). On April 25, 2013, after sunset, numerous individuals possibly displaying leck courtship behavior were seen flying rapidly, in short circular patterns around two Geoffroea spinosa trees (Fig. 12). No adults were observed feeding on flowers, although one individual was observed on the wet soil on the river margin (Fig. 11). From the start of the rainy season in December, 2012 to April 2013, the population had increased from about 30 individuals to hundreds, mostly concentrated in an area of gallery forest about 45.000 m ², although individuals were recorded all along the Riacho dos Porcos. However, the population falls during the dry season from June to December. At the same location, there is a large population of Melanis aegates (Hewitson 1874), (Figs.17,18) with individuals displaying similar color pattern and behavior to Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. including leck behavior at sundown, as noted for other Melanis species (Callaghan 2003). M. aegates is also recorded in a similar habitat 300 kilometers northwards in the Ceará State (4 o 33 ’ 40.18 ’’S; 39 o 45 ’ 44.70 ’’W, 470m) according to specimens in the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) entomological collection but no Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. were seen at this locality (C. E. Nobre, pers. obs.). There is a possible mimicry ring in the area with other insects converging on the black and white wing pattern and yellow/orange scaling on the head and abdomen. In addition to Melanis aegates, the pattern is shared with Acraephia perspicillata (Fabricius 1781), (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (Fig. 19); Melanchroia chephise (Stoll, 1782) (Fig. 20), Melanchroia aterea (Stoll, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)(Fig. 21); and Hyperalonia morio erythrocephala (Fabricius, 1805) (Diptera: Bombyliidae) (Fig. 22). These last three, however, are found only in adjacent sunny areas. The black and white wing pattern with blue veins and red/orange head coloring is common throughout the Amazon basin, both in day flying moths, particularly Geometridae, and butterflies of the family Riodinidae. Among the latter are species of Pheles, as mentioned above, and the genus Esthemopsis of the tribe Symmachiini. Among the species of Esthemopsis sharing these patterns are E. alicia (H.W. Bates, 1865), E. pherephatte caeruleata (Godman and Salvin, 1878) and E. teras (Stichel, 1910). This mimicry complex is particularly common in the western Amazon, from eastern Colombia to northern Bolivia (Callaghan, unpublished data). Distribution. (Fig 23) The species appears to be rare and local but widespread. A few individuals were located elsewhere along the Riacho dos Porcos, but not in the same numbers as at the type locality. In June, 2013 an additional colony was located in Cabrobó municipality Pernambuco state (8 19 ' 39.95 '' S, 39 20 ' 23.38 '' W) in a sparse forest consisting mainly of algaroba, (Prosopis julifolia,) along a nearly dry stream bed. There are also specimens in the Coleção Entomológica Pe. J. S. Moure, UFPR (DZUP) from northern Bahia State (Juazeiro, 300m). These findings suggest that Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. is widespread in the Caatinga in other similar humid habitats well into the dry season.Published as part of Callaghan, Curtis J. & Nobre, Carlos Eduardo Beserra, 2014, A new species of Pheles Herrich – Schaeffer from Northeast Brazil (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae), pp. 558-566 in Zootaxa 3780 (3) on pages 559-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22830
Pseudotinea caprina HALL & CALLAGHAN 2003, comb. n.
No full textPseudotinea caprina (Hewitson, 1859) comb. n. (figures 5A, B, 10A–D) Calydna caprina Hewitson, 1859: 93. Type locality: Brazil. Syntype W BMNH [examined]. Identification and taxonomy Average FW length: male 17.5 mm. Pseudotinea caprina is a highly distinctive species known only from males. Its ventral surface is most similar to those of the two other south-east Brazilian species, P. hemis and P. gagarini, but there are no prominently continuous pale or dark transverse bands on the hind wing, and the fore wing ground colour is predominantly a darker brown. Pseudotinea caprina is instantly recognizable on the dorsal surface by the single white postdiscal patch on the fore wing. The male genitalia are perhaps most similar to P. gagarini, but the right-hand aedeagal cornutus is flat instead of rolled, with shorter more closely spaced serrations, and the left-hand one has fewer, larger and more rounded spines. Pseudotinea caprina superficially resembles Pachythone robusta Lathy (incertae sedis section [four fore wing radial veins]), from Mato Grosso, Brazil, but this species has even distal margins on both wings, with a pointed hind wing, a falcate fore wing apex, and a concave fore wing costa; the white patch on the dorsal fore wing is positioned more distally and slightly closer to the costal margin, and the ventral surface is more uniformly patterned without such large white blotches. The sympatric Lepricornis atricolor Butler (Riodinini), has an identical dorsal wing pattern to P. caprina except for variably prominent interneural white rays at the wing bases, but its ventral pattern is the same as that of the dorsal surface and the distal wing margins are not scalloped. Biology Nothing is known about the biology of this very rare species, but the occurrence of several sympatric species with very similar black and white dorsal wing patterns, including species in the genera Riodina Westwood, Melanis Hübner and Lepricornis C. and R. Felder (all Riodinini) (see d’Abrera, 1994), suggests that it may be involved in a mimetic relationship with these species. Pseudotinea caprina is another south-east Brazil endemic that should be considered vulnerable in conservation terms. Distribution This species is currently only known from the Serra do Paranapiacaba region of eastern Paraná state and from central Rio de Janeiro state in south-east Brazil (see figure 14). This distribution suggests that it should also be found in mountainous areas such as the Serra do Mar in intervening São Paulo state and perhaps also southern Minas Gerais state. Within Paraná state it should also be looked for in the Serra Geral further inland, which also extends into northern Santa Catarina state to the south. Specimens examined Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Paineiras (May), 1 W UFP; Paraná, Castro, 2 W BMNH; no locality data, 1 W BMNH.Published as part of HALL, JASON P. W. & CALLAGHAN, CURTIS J., 2003, A revision of the new riodinid butterfly genus Pseudotinea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), pp. 821-837 in Journal of Natural History 37 (7) on pages 834-835, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110096771, http://zenodo.org/record/527438
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
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