1,720,962 research outputs found
Identifying Reaction Species by Evolutionary Fitting and Kinetic Analysis: An Example of CO2 Hydrogenation in DRIFTS
No full textDiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) investigations of molecules at the surface of catalysts exhibit a strong overlap of the adsorption peaks. Therefore, the investigation of the CO2 hydrogenation on a highly active catalyst surface requires a deconvolution of the adsorption spectra to clearly assign the signal to the chemical species. We developed an autonomous and efficient bi-level evolutionary Gaussian fitting (BEGF) procedure with a genetic algorithm at the upper level and a multipeak Gaussian fitting algorithm at the lower level to analyze self-consistently the set of spectra of an entire experiment. We show two examples of the application of BEGF procedure by analyzing the DRIFTS spectral sets of ex situ HCOO-∗ and CO2 hydrogenation on Ru/Al2O3. The fitting procedure deconvoluted the overlapped peaks and identified the bond vibrations of carbon monoxide, formate, bicarbonate, and carbonate through the developing trends of the peak intensities along the reaction. These revealed the progression of those species over the reaction timeline
In Situ Control of the Adsorption Species in CO2 Hydrogenation: Determination of Intermediates and Byproducts
No full textCO2 hydrogenation over catalysts is a potentially exciting method to produce fuels while closing the CO2 cycle and mitigating global warming. The mechanism of this process has been controversial due to the difficulty in clearly identifying the species present and distinguishing which are reaction intermediates and which are byproducts. We in situ manipulated the independent formation and hydrogenation of each adsorption species produced in CO2 hydrogenation reaction over Ru/Al2O3 using operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformation spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and executed a novel iterative Gaussian fitting procedure. The adsorption species and their role in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction have been clearly identified. The adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO∗) of four reactive structures was the key intermediate of methane (CH4) production. Bicarbonate (HCO3-∗), formed on the metal-support interface, appeared to be not only the primary product of CO2 chemisorption but also a reservoir of CO∗ and consisted of the dominate reaction steps of CO2 methanation from the interface to the metal surface. Bidentate formate (Bi-HCOO-∗) formed on Ru under a certain condition, consecutively converting to CO∗ to merge into the subsequent methanation process. Nonreactive byproducts of the reaction were also identified. The evolution of the surface species revealed the essential steps of the CO2 activation and hydrogenation reactions which were inevitably initiated from HCO3-∗ to CO∗ and finally from CO∗ to CH4
Synthesis of grid compliant substitute natural gas from a representative biogas mixture in a hybrid Ni/Ru catalysed reactor
No full textWe demonstrate biogas upgrading towards full CO2 conversion in mild conditions in a three-step reactor system using Ru- and Ni-based catalysts. In each of the three reactor stages, the temperature is carefully controlled, thus optimizing the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics, resulting in a maximized global CO2 conversion. At ambient pressure, 92% conversion can be achieved over a commercial Ru/Al2O3 catalyst at a space velocity of 2 L/h/gcat in every stage. At 2 bar conversion is enhanced to above 99%. It is possible to substitute the Ru-based catalyst in the first stage with a cheaper Ni-based catalyst, shifting the first-stage temperature to higher values forming also CO. CO has a positive effect on the following step since CO is converted to CH4 in the CO methanation reaction. In this way, it is possible to achieve the same final conversion compared to the Ru-operated reactor system using Ni in the first reactor stage
Self-assembly of gas-phase synthesized magnesium nanoparticles on room temperature substrates
No full textAbstract: Magnesium nanoparticles (NPs) with initial size in the 10-50 nmrange were synthesized by inert gas condensation under helium flow and deposited on room temperature substrates. The morphology and crystal structure of the NPs ensemble were investigated as a function of the deposition time by complementary electron microscopy techniques, including high resolution imaging and chemical mapping. With increasing amount of material, strong coarsening phenomena were observed at room temperature: small NPs disappeared while large faceted NPs developed, leading to a 5-fold increase of the average NPs size within a few minutes. The extent of coarsening and the final morphology depended also on the nature of the substrate. Furthermore, large single-crystal NPs were seen to arise from the self-organization of primary NPs units, providing a mechanism for crystal growth. The dynamics of the self-assembly process involves the basic steps of NPs sticking, diffusion on substrate, coordinated rotation and attachment/coalescence. Key features are the surface energy anisotropy, reflected by the faceted shape of the NPs, and the low melting point of the material. The observed phenomena have strong implications in relation to the synthesis and stability of nanostructures based on Mg or other elements with similar features
CO2 hydrogenation over unsupported Fe-Co nanoalloy catalysts
Full text linkThe thermo-catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO2 and H2 is of great interest for the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels. In this work, we aim to contribute to the fundamental understanding of the effect of alloying on the reaction yield and selectivity to a specific product. For this purpose, Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles (nanoalloys) with 30, 50 and 76 wt% Co content are synthesized via the Inert Gas Condensation method. The nanoalloys show a uniform composition and a size distribution between 10 and 25 nm, determined by means of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The catalytic activity for CO2 hydrogenation is investigated in a plug flow reactor coupled with a mass spectrometer, carrying out the reaction as a function of temperature (393–823 K) at ambient pressure. The Fe-Co nanoalloys prove to be more active and more selective to CO than elemental Fe and Co nanoparticles prepared by the same method. Furthermore, the Fe-Co nanoalloys catalyze the formation of C2-C5 hydrocarbon products, while Co and Fe nanoparticles yield only CH4 and CO, respectively. We explain this synergistic effect by the simultaneous variation in CO2 binding energy and decomposition barrier as the Fe/Co ratio in the nanoalloy changes. With increasing Fe content, increased activation temperatures for the formation of CH4 (from 440 K to 560 K) and C2-C5 hydrocarbons (from 460 K to 560 K) are observed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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