1,825 research outputs found
«Quest'appaltatore è tutto paragonabile ad un mercante» : gli agenti del tabacco e l'infrastruttura sociale delle istituzioni fiscali : Granducato di Toscana e Repubblica di Venezia, XVII-XVIII secolo
No full textIl decollo del commercio del tabacco a Livorno : scambi globali e interessi fiscali (1630-1660)
No full textNel corso del XVII secolo Livorno si consacra come uno dei più importanti scali del Medi-terraneo occidentale. Recentemente, si è iniziato a interpretare il suo dinamismo non solo in relazione al 'commercio di deposito' favorito dalle franchigie medicee, ma anche alla luce della funzione di porta di accesso della penisola italiana per le
merci provenienti dai commerci extraeuropei. Al centro di questo contributo vi è il primo e decisivo aumento dei flussi di
tabacco nel porto di Livorno (tra gli anni '30 e gli anni '60 del Seicento) come caso di studio sulla creazione di un mercato in espansione per un vero e proprio 'bene globale' di origine americana. L’interesse della ricerca è legato allo studio delle connessioni internazionali che consentono il decollo del commercio di tabacco in uno scalo senza legami diretti con le colonie del Nuovo Mondo, in un momento particolare legato all’istituzione granducale della privativa sul tabacco, concessa a una compagnia di ebrei residenti a Livorno.During the 17th century, Livorno rose as one of the most important ports of the Western Mediterranean. Recently, its dynamism has been interpreted not only with regard to the “transit trade” favoured by Medici exemptions, but also in the light of its role as a gateway to the Italian peninsula for extra-European goods. Within this contribution, I aim to follow closely the first and decisive rise of tobacco arrivals to the port of Livorno (between the 1630s and the 1660s), as a case-study for the creation of a growing market for a “global commodity” of American origins. The main interest of this research is linked with the study of international connections that allow the rise of tobacco trade in a port without direct relationships with the New World, in a particular historical phase connected with the institution – by the Grand Duchy – of a monopoly on tobacco, granted to a Jewish company based in Livorno
Un domain state dinamico? Primi appunti su gabella del sale e appalto del tabacco nella Toscana medicea (secc. XVII-XVIII)
No full textTaxation on tobacco and salt knew a widespread diffusion in early mod-
ern Europe. However, a sort of ‘centralization paradigm’ has discouraged in-
tense research on them. In this paper, moving from the recent renovation of
studies on the fiscal state, I analyze the privative on salt and tobacco in the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany between the 17th and 18th centuries. Despite their
traditional setting, they show a pivotal role in serving the sovereign’s aim of
increasing authority and revenues. In this respect, we can consider the early
modern Tuscan state as a ‘dynamic domain state’
Global commodities, Monopolies and Negotiation. Tobacco trade and taxation in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Venetian Empire (17th-18th centuries)
No full textLa tesi indaga i monopoli fiscali del tabacco come caso paradigmatico per comprendere l’intersezione tra commercio globale e rafforzamento dei sistemi fiscali nell’età moderna. Attraverso un’analisi comparativa del Granducato di Toscana e dell’Impero Veneziano tra XVII e XVIII secolo, la ricerca analizza le dinamiche socioeconomiche e istituzionali che, da un lato, hanno consentito la trasformazione del tabacco da pianta esotica a merce globale e, dall’altro, hanno contribuito a regolarne la circolazione attraverso frontiere politiche, culturali e fiscali. La ricerca ha inteso comprendere come gli attori degli spazi mediterranei hanno partecipato alla cosiddetta ‘globalizzazione dell’età moderna’, adattandosi alle nuove sfide del commercio globale. In particolare, lo studio si è concentrato sul ruolo, per certi versi controintuitivo, giocato dei monopoli fiscali in tale ambito: la cornice legale del monopolio sovrano e le caratteristiche del commercio del tabacco definirono gli spazi di negoziazione tra istituzioni fiscali e reti mercantili. L’indagine di tali spazi di negoziazione fornisce un’importante chiave interpretativa per riconsiderare non solo i fattori che, tra Seicento e Settecento, facilitarono e promossero l’adozione del commercio del tabacco e lo sviluppo del suo settore, ma anche la logica complessiva nella quale si inquadravano i rapporti tra lo stato e il mondo mercantile nell’età moderna.The thesis investigates tobacco fiscal monopolies as a paradigmatic case to understand the intersection between global trade and the strengthening of fiscal systems in the early modern period. Through a comparative analysis of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Venetian Empire between the 17th and 18th centuries, the research examines the socioeconomic and institutional dynamics that, on the one hand, facilitated the transformation of tobacco from an exotic plant into a global commodity, and on the other hand, contributed to regulating its circulation across political, cultural, and fiscal boundaries. The study aims to explore how Mediterranean actors participated in the so-called ‘globalization of the early modern age,’ adapting to the new challenges of global trade. Specifically, the research focuses on the somewhat counterintuitive role played by fiscal monopolies in this context: the legal framework of sovereign monopolies and the characteristics of tobacco trade defined the arenas of negotiation between fiscal institutions and mercantile networks. The investigation of these negotiation spaces provides an important interpretative key to reconsider not only the factors that, between the 17th and 18th centuries, facilitated and promoted the adoption of tobacco trade and the development of its sector but also the broader logic underpinning the relationships between the state and the mercantile world in the early modern period
Imperial Rivalries and Agronomic Reform: Tobacco Plantations in the Venetian lonian Islands and Dalmatia, 1760s–1790s
No full textn the late eighteenth century, the eastern Mediterranean was a region of commercial and imperial rivalries, as the increasing Russian presence in the area culminated in the outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War (1768–1774), adding to tensions along the ‘triple frontier’ of the Venetian, Habsburg, and Ottoman Empires. The war caused supply chain disruption and Venice searched for alternatives in the overseas domains of the Ionian Islands and Dalmatia of the Stato da Mar, where agronomy was a tool deployed for introducing and consolidating tobacco plantations. In the context of fiscal concerns, scientific knowledge circulation, and commodity frontier pressure, this chapter explores a sui generis tobacco culture that, while developed through links with northern European tobacco experts, was implemented within the administration of the general tobacco farm. The plantation of Nona (Venetian Dalmatia) run by the entrepreneur from Zara, Girolamo Manfrin, provides an interesting case in point of the deep interweaving of Agricultural Enlightenment, agronomy, state finance, and military pressure that shaped the efforts to master tobacco cultivation in the Mediterranean colonies of the Venetian Empire in the late eighteenth century
Seasonal variation of the chemical consituents of the essential oil of Santolina etrusca from Italy
No full textThe seasonal variation of the essential oil, in terms of both yield and composition, of a population of Santolina etrusca (Asteraceae) is reported in detail for different aerial parts, including sterile branches, fertile branches, and capitula. The yields generally increased from November to June, and then decreased in August and September. The main constituents of the sterile branches were 1,8-cineole and viridiflorol. The oil from fertile branches was characterized by myrcene as principal compound, whereas the essential oil obtained from the capitula contained germacrene D as the main constituent. Several compounds, identified by GC and GC/MS, were found to prevail during the cold seaso
Odour gradients and patterns in volatile emission of different plant parts and developing fruits of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.)
No full textThe volatiles spontaneously emitted in vivo by different plant parts of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf., Rutaceae) were collected by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) during the whole vegetative cycle of the plant and characterised by GC–MS to verify their involvement in entomophilous pollination, a controversial topic in the biology of this species. Furthermore, the essential oils obtained by expression of
the pericarp from unripe and ripe fruits were studied. Altogether 127 compounds were identified, accounting from 82.1% to 99.9% of the whole volatiles. The main constituents detected were mono and sesquiterpenes, with limonene (0.5–95.2%), linalool (0.2–52.5%), sabinene (0.5–42.5%), myrcene
(0.2–15.4%), and b-caryophyllene (0.3–41.0%) as the most represented ones.
All the data were submitted to multivariate statistical analysis, highlighting many differences amongst the different plant parts and their developmental stage
Activity of plant extracts, essential oils and pure compounds against fungi contaminating foodstuffs and causing infections in human beings and animals: a six-year experience (1995-2000)
No full textThe antifungal activity of plant extracts, essential oils and pure natural compounds has been evaluated against some fungal strains belonging to Aspergillus, Pyricularia, Fusarium, Botrytis, Candida, Saprolegnia and Microsporum genera. These fungi contaminate food-stuffs and cause infections in men and animals. Most of the tested plants belong to Lamiaceae and Asteraceae familie
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