87,102 research outputs found
Alternatives in Montague Grammar
No full textThe type theoretic framework for natural language semantics laid out by Montague (1973) forms the cornerstone of formal semantics. Hamblin (1973) proposed an extension of Montague’s basic framework, referred to as alternative semantics. In this framework, the meaning of a sentence is not taken to be a single proposition, but rather a set of propositions—a set of alternatives. While this more fine-grained view on meaning has led to improved analyses of a wide range of linguistic phenomena, it also faces a number of problems. We focus here on two of these, in our view the most fundamental ones. The first has to do with how meanings are composed, i.e., with the type-theoretic operations of function application and abstraction; the second has to do with how meanings are compared, i.e., the notion of entailment. Our aim is to reconcile what we take to be the essence of Hamblin’s proposal with the solid type-theoretic foundations of Montague grammar, in such a way that the observed problems evaporate. Our proposal partly builds on insights from recent work on inquisitive semantics (Ciardelli et al. 2013), and it also further advances this line of work, specifying how the inquisitive meaning of a sentence, as well as the set of alternatives that it introduces, may be built up compositionally
Water extraction and degradation of a sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant in polypropylene films
No full textWater extraction of the sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant Irganox 1010 from three polypropylene based polymeric films has been studied in isothermal conditions at 40, 50 and 70 °C. The films made of isotactic polypropylene and two different heterophasic polypropylene/ethylene–propylene monomers copolymers (PP/EPM copolymers) were immersed in closed water baths under nitrogen atmosphere in order to minimise the oxidative process. The amounts of antioxidant that have left the films and are dissolved in the water bath have been monitored over time by HPLC analysis and faster extraction kinetics were observed from the polymers than from the homopolymer. No appreciable amounts of Irganox 1010 were found in the extraction water at any time, whereas its degradation by-products were found by LC/MS analysis in the extraction water.
The experimental extraction kinetics from the three polymers were compared with the theoretical curves based on the Fick's diffusion equations solved both for a semi-infinite (degradation reaction faster than extraction) and a finite system (no degradation reaction) and Irganox 1010 was demonstrated to be extracted by water from polypropylene based material faster than predictable only on the basis of the values of its coefficient of diffusion in the polymers and of partition between water and polymer
Hurford’s constraint, the semantics of disjunction, and the nature of alternatives
No full textThis paper contributes to two recent lines of work on disjunction: on the one hand, work on so-called Hurford disjunctions, i.e., disjunctions where one disjunct entails another, and on the other hand, work in alternative and inquisitive semantics where disjunction has been argued to generate multiple propositional alternatives. We point out that Hurford effects are found not only in disjunctive statements, but also in disjunctive questions. These cases are not covered by the standard accounts of Hurford phenomena, which assume a truth-conditional treatment of disjunction. We show that inquisitive semantics facilitates a unified explanation of Hurford phenomena in statements and questions. We also argue that Hurford effects provide an empirical handle on the subtle differences between inquisitive semantics and alternative semantics, providing insight into the notion of alternatives and the notion of meaning adopted in these two frameworks
Aggregation induced luminescence of poly(isobutene)succinic anhydrides and imides
No full textPIB derivatives such as PIBSAs and the corresponding PIBSIs characterized by different contents of functional groups were prepared. They showed luminescence both in their neat form and in heptane solution when the amount of functional groups per polymer chain was higher than a critical value. This behavior is attributed to aggregation-induced emission, a phenomenon caused by the aggregation of non-emissive chromophoric carbonyl groups present on PIB derivatives. AIE was studied in heptane solution as a function of the type (SAs or succinimides) and number of interacting functional groups. The results suggest that fluorescence measurements might be an effective tool to determine the degree of functionalization of PIB derivative
Modification of gelatin by reaction with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane
No full text1,6-Diisocyanatohexane and dimethyl sulfoxide were exploited as crosslinking agent and reaction solvent, respectively, for gelatin modification. crosslinked samples were fractionated and analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, acid and base titrations,and swelling measurements. The yield of crosslinking was found to increase with increasing diisocyanate and gelatin concentrations and the amount of bound crosslinker was evaluated.The chemical analysis of the reaction products allowed the process parameters to be related to the properties of the textile/
gelatin composites. For this purpose poly(propylene)-, poly(ethylene terephthalate)-, and cotton-based textiles were treated to prepare soft and dimen-
sionally stable supported materials with a gel phase composed of gelatin
Generalized inquisitive logic: completeness via intuitionistic Kripke models
No full textThis paper investigates a generalized version of inquisitive semantics (Groenendijk, 2008b; Mascarenhas, 2008). A complete axiomatization of the associated logic is established. The connection with intuitionistic logic is clarified and heavily exploited
Inherently stable and transparent photorefractive films characterized by unusually high values of the optical gain
No full text
On the semantics and logic of declaratives and interrogatives
No full textIn many natural languages, there are clear syntactic and/or intonational differences between declarative sentences, which are primarily used to provide information, and interrogative sentences, which are primarily used to request information. Most logical frameworks restrict their attention to the former. Those that are concerned with both usually assume a logical language that makes a clear syntactic distinction between declaratives and interrogatives, and usually assign different types of semantic values to these two types of sentences. A different approach has been taken in recent work on inquisitive semantics. This approach does not take the basic syntactic distinction between declaratives and interrogatives as its starting point, but rather a new notion of meaning that captures both informative and inquisitive content in an integrated way. The standard way to treat the logical connectives in this approach is to associate them with the basic algebraic operations on these new types of meanings. For instance, conjunction and disjunction are treated as meet and join operators, just as in classical logic. This gives rise to a hybrid system, where sentences can be both informative and inquisitive at the same time, and there is no clearcut division between declaratives and interrogatives. It may seem that these two general approaches in the existing literature are quite incompatible. The main aim of this paper is to show that this is not the case. We develop an inquisitive semantics for a logical language that has a clearcut division between declaratives and interrogatives. We show that this language coincides in expressive power with the hybrid language that is standardly assumed in inquisitive semantics, we establish a sound and complete axiomatization for the associated logic, and we consider a natural enrichment of the system with presuppositional interrogatives
Easy detectable isocyanate in the reaction with gelatin RID E-9799-2011
No full textGelatin reactivity with isocyanate was studied by using the easy detectable 1-naphthyl-isocyanate (NphI). Four different NphI/gelatin feed ratios were investigated with NphI molar amount ranging between 1/10 and 1/1 with respect to the possible reactive groups of gelatin. The reactions were carried out at 45 A degrees C in DMSO as solvent, under nitrogen atmosphere. Modified gelatin samples were characterized by IR, UV-VIS, fluorescence spectroscopies as well as by proton and DOSY NMR. Spectroscopy results allow to evidence the presence of both bonded and unbonded naphthyl derivatives in the gelatin samples. Unbonded species were present particularly at the highest NphI/gelatin feed ratio and their formation was correlated to the increasing competition of the reaction with water since the amount of available reactive groups on gelatin was comparable or smaller than the amount of residuum water in dry gelatin.Gelatin reactivity with isocyanate was studied by using the easy detectable 1-naphthyl-isocyanate (NphI). Four different NphI/gelatin feed ratios were investigated with NphI molar amount ranging between 1/10 and 1/1 with respect to the possible reactive groups of gelatin. The reactions were carried out at 45 °C in DMSO as solvent, under nitrogen atmosphere. Modified gelatin samples were characterized by IR, UV-VIS, fluorescence spectroscopies as well as by proton and DOSY NMR. Spectroscopy results allow to evidence the presence of both bonded and unbonded naphthyl derivatives in the gelatin samples. Unbonded species were present particularly at the highest NphI/gelatin feed ratio and their formation was correlated to the increasing competition of the reaction with water since the amount of available reactive groups on gelatin was comparable or smaller than the amount of residuum water in dry gelatin. © 2010 Springer-Verlag
- …
