1,721,086 research outputs found
Path-oriented early reaction to approaching disruptions in ASDEX Upgrade and TCV in view of the future needs for ITER and DEMO
No full textRoutine reaction to approaching disruptions in tokamaks is currently largely limited to machine protection by mitigating an ongoing disruption, which remains a basic requirement for ITER and DEMO [1]. Nevertheless, a mitigated disruption still generates stress to the device. Additionally, in future fusion devices, high-performance discharge time itself will be very valuable. Instead of reacting only on generic features, occurring shortly before the disruption, the ultimate goal is to actively avoid approaching disruptions at an early stage, sustain the discharges whenever possible and restrict mitigated disruptions to major failures. Knowledge of the most relevant root causes and the corresponding chain of events leading to disruption, the disruption path, is a prerequisite. For each disruption path, physics-based sensors and adequate actuators must be defined and their limitations considered. Early reaction facilitates the efficiency of the actuators and enhances the probability of a full recovery. Thus, sensors that detect potential disruptions in time are to be identified. Once the entrance into a disruption path is detected, we propose a hierarchy of actions consisting of (I) recovery of the discharge to full performance or at least continuation with a less disruption-prone backup scenario, (II) complete avoidance of disruption to sustain the discharge or at least delay it for a controlled termination and, (III), only as last resort, a disruption mitigation. Based on the understanding of disruption paths, a hierarchical and path-specific handling strategy must be developed. Such schemes, testable in present devices, could serve as guidelines for ITER and DEMO operation. For some disruption paths, experiments have been performed at ASDEX Upgrade and TCV. Disruptions were provoked in TCV by impurity injection into ELMy H-mode discharges and in ASDEX Upgrade by forcing a density limit in H-mode discharges. The new approach proposed in this paper is discussed for these cases. For the H-mode density limit sensors used so far react too late. Thus a plasma-state boundary is proposed, that can serve as an adequate early sensor for avoiding density limit disruptions in H-modes and for recovery to full performance. © 2017 Max-Planck-Institut for Plasmaphysics
Demagnetizing Field Effect on the Detection Range of a Galfenol-Based Magnetic Field Sensor
No full textThis paper investigates the new developments of a class of magnetic field sensors based on the integration of Iron-Gallium magnetostrictive alloys (Galfenol) and fiber Bragg gratings used to detect the magneto-induced mechanical strain. This kind of sensor has the advantage of being able to work also in harsh environments, but on the other hand cannot detect fields beyond 10 kA/m, because of the magnetic softness of the active material. A simple solution consists in the exploitation of the demagnetizing field experienced by the ferromagnetic alloy by effect of its magnetization, generated by the application of the external magnetic field. Since the demagnetizing field effect depends only on geometrical parameters, the use of samples with different aspect ratios allows us to check how the shape of the active material can be used as a control parameter of the sensor detection range. © 1965-2012 IEEE
Magnetic field sensors based on galfenol with variable measurable ranges
No full textThe employment of sensors in harsh environments [1] is a challenging engineering task, occurring more frequently than it might be expected. So, the availability of reliable and accurate sensors is a task in great demand. However, this imply an effort demanding and an expensive design. In this frame we can place the present contribution which aims to develop a simple, robust magnetic filed sensor to be exploited in harsh conditions, such as the the Tokamak vessel for nuclear fusion experiments [2] where the presence of standard sensors based on electronic circuits based and hall effect is almost impossible. © 2015 IEEE
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
MHD limit cycles on FTU
No full textin fact the island distortion increases before amplitude drops. Concerning the interaction with modes of different helicity, our experiments seem to indicate that the presence of the q = 3 resonance in the plasma is necessary for the occurrence of deep and regular limit cycles for the 2/1 tearing mode. © 2017 IAEA, Vienna.The development of low-order tearing modes during density ramp-up in the high density regime on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade is characterized by an initial ordinary stage, with a 'one-to-one' relation between mode amplitude and frequency, followed by the formation, on the amplitude/frequency plane, of 'limit cycles' with increasing area up to disruption for density limit if the density continues to grow. A critical mode amplitude for transition from smooth to cyclic behavior has been observed in experiments performed changing the line-averaged density, and the existence of such a threshold has been confirmed in experiments of real time control of tearing mode in the high density regime by means of electron cyclotron resonance heating. The amplitude and frequency modulations of the observed m/n = 2/1 tearing mode (m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode number, respectively) occur in few milliseconds, which is not in agreement with the diffusion resistive time of about two hundred milliseconds expected on the q = 2 resonance from the non-linear theory. The origin of such modulations has been investigated, taking into account that in the high amplitude stages of the mode temporal evolution it is difficult to discriminate between non-linear effects and mode coupling mechanisms. Our analysis suggests that the formation of limit cycles could be due to a recursive island fragmentation, with a sort of self-healing phenomeno
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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