1,720,962 research outputs found
Control strategies for Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberries in North Italy
No full textStudies were conducted during three fruiting seasons on anthracnose susceptible cv ‘Onda’ (first year) and cv ‘Alba’ (second and third year) strawberry cultivars in the Romagna Region of Italy. In the spring, four and two weeks before bloom, the plants were inoculated by spraying each plant with a 10 ml-volume of a C. acutatum conidial suspension (106 conidia ml-1). To test the in vivo efficacy of a newer fungicide compared with older ones used in conventional spray programs the following fungicides were used: a combination of cyprodinil (37.5% a.i.) and fludioxonil (25% a.i.) (trade name Switch) at 0.8 kg ha-1; a combination of boscalid (26.7% a.i.) and pyraclostrobin (6.7% a.i.) (trade name Signum) at 1.8 kg ha-1; azoxystrobin (23.2% a.i.) (trade name Ortiva) at 0.9 l ha-1. Two treatments were applied: the first a week before full-bloom and the second at the full-bloom stage. The timing of Signum fungicide application was also evaluated in the same fields but in an other batch of fruits inoculated with C. acutatum as described above.
Berries were harvested in threefold, examined and categorized as marketable or diseased fruit. Marketable fruit was stored for 2 days at 2°C and another 3 days at 20°C and examined at each time interval.
Treatments with pyraclostrobin+boscalid or cyprodinil+fludioxonil lead to higher marketable yields, significantly reducing the infections with respect to controls in all years, with an efficacy ranging from 50 % to 81%. Azoxystrobin reduced the infections significantly with respect to controls but less effectively than pyraclostrobin+ boscalid and cyprodinil+fludioxonil. Two applications of Signum during bloom were able to control anthracnose, although only one treatment near harvest may be useful when wheatear conditions are favourable to C. acutatum development
Ripe indexes, hot water treatments, and biocontrol agents as synergistic combination to control apple bull’s eye rot
No full textDA-meter hand-held instrument, hot water treatment (HWT) and biocontrol agents (BCAs) represent an alternative solution to synthetic fungicides. In the present study, the three strategies were combined to reduce Neofabraea vagabunda virulence on apple fruit cv ‘Cripps Pink’. In vitro assays were conducted by testing different heat treatment timing (10, 5, and 3 min at 45°C) influence on pathogen mycelial growth together with BCAs (Aureobasidium pullulans L1 and L8, and Trichoderma harzianum Th1). The combined activities of HWT 45°C × 5 min and both BCAs volatile and no-volatile compounds displayed the complete control of the pathogen. In vivo, DA-meter was used to measure the index of absorbance difference (IAD) of chlorophyll-α content on apple and to separate fruit into two different ripening classes, immediately wound inoculated with N. vagabunda conidial suspension, and treated with HW and BCAs. In vivo results showed how the combined action of HW and BCAs completely inhibited the pathogen. Also, the less ripe apple class showed a decrease of fungal incidence by 16.2% with respect to the riper class. At harvest and after four months of storage at 0°C, quality parameters of both apple classes heat treated and untreated, such as firmness (FF), soluble solid contents (SSC), and pH were measured without showing any substantial differences. Obtained results open new perspectives on organic apple productions
Vecchi e nuovi fungicidi per la difesa del pesco dalla bolla
No full textNel corso degli ultimi 15 anni è stata valutata, in Emilia-Romagna,
l’efficacia nei riguardi della bolla di vecchi e nuovi
fungicidi impiegabili sia in aziende convenzionali che biologiche.
Il grado di azione accertato varia sensibilmente in
relazione al momento di intervento e alla dose di impieg
Characterization of thiophanate methyl resistance in Italian Monilinia fructicola isolates
No full textMonilinia fructicola causes considerable damage to cultivated stone fruits in the temperate regions with an important economic impact. Monitoring the strains resistant to fungicides is essential to reduce economic losses associated with the peach and nectarine market. Although several works have focused on benzimidazole fungicide resistance worldwide in Monilinia spp., limited data report the benzimidazole resistance in European M. fructicola isolates. In order to assay the development of resistance to thiophanate methyl, the Alamar Blue test, a quick and reliable assay, was used and the results compared with those obtained with conventional amended medium. Our results show for the first time the presence in Italian M. fructicola isolates of a phenotype resistant to thiophanate methyl. In particular, 46 out of 63 isolates were found resistant, with EC50 values ranging from 0.99 μg ml-1 to 57.59 μg ml-1, values equal or higher than the inhibitory dose (1 μg ml-1). Point mutations in the β-tubulin gene were analyzed in 18 representative M. fructicola isolates, 15 with different levels of resistance (low and high resistance) and three sensitive. All resistant isolates tested showed a point mutation at codon 198 with respect to sensitive isolates isolates, i.e. GCA instead of GAA. In addition, all Italian isolates revealed a point mutation at codon 83 in the β-tubulin gene where the arginine was converted to glutamine with a punctual allelic change CAA instead of CGA
Characterization of thiophanate methyl resistance in Italian Monilinia fructicola isolates
No full textMonilinia fructicola causes considerable damage to cultivated stone fruits in the temperate regions with an important economic impact. Monitoring the strains resistant to fungicides is essential to reduce economic losses associated with the peach and nectarine market. Although several works have focused on benzimidazole fungicide resistance worldwide in Monilinia spp., limited data report the benzimidazole resistance in European M. fructicola isolates. In order to assay the development of resistance to thiophanate methyl, the Alamar Blue test, a quick and reliable assay, was used and the results compared with those obtained with conventional amended medium. Our results show for the first time the presence in Italian M. fructicola isolates of a phenotype resistant to thiophanate methyl. In particular, 46 out of 63 isolates were found resistant, with EC50 values ranging from 0.99 μg ml-1 to 57.59 μg ml-1, values equal or higher than the inhibitory dose (1 μg ml-1). Point mutations in the β-tubulin gene were analyzed in 18 representative M. fructicola isolates, 15 with different levels of resistance (low and high resistance) and three sensitive. All resistant isolates tested showed a point mutation at codon 198 with respect to sensitive isolates isolates, i.e. GCA instead of GAA. In addition, all Italian isolates revealed a point mutation at codon 83 in the β-tubulin gene where the arginine was converted to glutamine with a punctual allelic change CAA instead of CGA
Ten years of field trials on grey mold control on strawberries
No full textThe region of Romagna (north-central Italy) is one of Italy’s most typical areas for growing strawberries, with over 400 hectares of cultivated surface area. Over two-thirds of this crop consists of strawberry beds in open fields in which the onset of phyto-sanitary problems depends above all on climatic trends. In this context the development and diffusion of various pathogenic agents is more likely; these agents can lead to consistent product losses in the field as well as during the post-harvest period. The most common pathogen is Botrytis cinerea, a grey mold agent with ubiquitous inoculation in the areas where strawberries are commonly grown. The research reported is a synthesis of ten years (1998-2007) of field experimentation, aimed at evaluating the efficiency of various active ingredients used against B. cinerea. During the ten year period of experimentation the older generation of active ingredients was evaluated (procimidone) as well as more recent ones (pyrimethanil, mepanipirym, fenhexamide, cyprodinil-fludioxonil, and azoxystrobin), and finally the most recent phyto-iatric acquisitions (boscalid-pyraclostrobin). The most effective fungicides for controlling strawberry grey mold and limiting financial loss in all phases were pyrimethanil, cyprodinil-fludioxonil, mepanipirym and boscalid-pyraclostrobin (average effectiveness 85-95%). fenhexamide and procimidone were less effective than the aforementioned ones (average effectiveness 70-80 %) and finally azoxystrobin was modestly effective (50-60 %)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Postharvest application of natural compounds and biocontrol agents to manage brown rot of stone fruits
No full textVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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