1,720,960 research outputs found
Difference in sensorimotor adaptation to horizontal and vertical mirror distortions during ballistic arm movements
No full textWhen learning a novel motor task, the sensorimotor system must develop new strategies to efficiently control the limb(s) involved, and this adaptation appears to be developed through the construction of a behavioral map known as an 'internal model'. A common method to uncover the mechanisms of adaptation and reorganization processes is to expose the system to new environmental conditions, typically by introducing visual or mechanical distortions. The present study investigated the adaptation mechanisms of the human sensorimotor system to horizontal and vertical mirror distortions (HMD and VMD) during the execution of fast goal-directed arm movements. Mirror distortions (MDs) were created by means of virtual visual feedback on a computer screen while the movement was executed on a graphics tablet. Twenty healthy adult participants were recruited and assigned to one of two groups of 10 people each. Tests were divided in two subsequent blocks of five trials. The first block consisted of trials with no mirror distortion (NMD), while the second block was recorded when exposing one group to HMD and the other to VMD. Both MDs resulted in kinematic changes: during the tests with the MDs the participants did not reach the performance level found at the NMD test. Motor performance during HMD appeared to be globally better than during VMD and the adaptation process to VMD appeared to be slower than to HMD, but data interpretation was hampered by large within-participant and between-participant variability. In-depth analyses of the data revealed that most of the motor performance information was contained in the direction of movement. The data supported the idea that the internal model for HMD was already partially built.When learning a novel motor task, the sensorimotor system must develop new strategies to efficiently control the limb(s) involved, and this adaptation appears to be developed through the construction of a behavioral map known as an 'internal model'. A common method to uncover the mechanisms of adaptation and reorganization processes is to expose the system to new environmental conditions, typically by introducing visual or mechanical distortions. The present study investigated the adaptation mechanisms of the human sensorimotor system to horizontal and vertical mirror distortions (HMD and VMD) during the execution of fast goal-directed arm movements. Mirror distortions (MDs) were created by means of virtual visual feedback on a computer screen while the movement was executed on a graphics tablet. Twenty healthy adult participants were recruited and assigned to one of two groups of 10 people each. Tests were divided in two subsequent blocks of five trials. The first block consisted of trials with no mirror distortion (NMD), while the second block was recorded when exposing one group to HMD and the other to VMD. Both MDs resulted in kinematic changes: during the tests with the MDs the participants did not reach the performance level found at the NMD test. Motor performance during HMD appeared to be globally better than during VMD and the adaptation process to VMD appeared to be slower than to HMD, but data interpretation was hampered by large within-participant and between-participant variability. In-depth analyses of the data revealed that most of the motor performance information was contained in the direction of movement. The data supported the idea that the internal model for HMD was already partially built. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Nasce l'impresa. Le startup e le PMI innovative
No full textIl presente volume è indirizzato agli aspetti relativi alla costituzione e al finanziamento delle startup e delle imprese innovative.
Il primo capitolo rappresenta la normativa italiana aggiornata su questo tema, di cui al D.L. 179/2012, spaziando dalla costituzione di una startup innovativa, al funzionamento, alle modalità di iscrizione nel registro delle imprese, all’indicazione delle deroghe agevolative al diritto societario ed alla Legge fallimentare, oltre ai possibili scenari di composizione e gestione delle crisi di impresa nelle startup innovative.
Il secondo capitolo, partendo dalla normativa del Decreto Crescita 2.0., analizza le agevolazioni fiscali sia per l’impresa startup innovativa sia per gli investitori persone fisiche o istituzionali, alla luce dei diversi interventi del MISE e delle circolari della Agenzia delle Entrate. Il Decreto Crescita 2.0 e l’Agenda Digitale rappresentano per l’Italia due interventi normativi volti ad incentivare la creazione d’impresa e la raccolta di capitale da parte di partner anche europei e oltreoceano. Tali interventi hanno aperto la strada a una normativa in continua evoluzione, che richiede un costante e puntuale aggiornamento per poter sfruttare le possibilità offerte dal legislatore.
Il terzo capitolo affronta il tema del finanziamento della nascita e crescita di questo tipo di imprese, che sono condizionate dalla disponibilità di adeguate risorse finanziarie, il cui reperimento è spesso ostacolato sia da problematiche tipiche delle prime fasi di vita delle imprese innovative (mancanza di un track record e di garanzie idonee, scarsa esperienza manageriale, ecc.), sia dalla difficoltà per potenziali investitori come le banche di valutarne appieno il potenziale di business. Sono illustrati i principali strumenti e canali di finanziamento: in primo luogo il credito bancario, quindi il ricorso a strumenti di mercato come i minibond, il venture capital, la quotazione e infine il crowdfunding. Questi strumenti e canali si affiancano all’intervento di operatori di capitale di rischio già trattati anche nelle guide precedenti a cui si rinvia (business angels, private equity e venture capital).
Il quarto capitolo illustra l’ecosistema delle startup innovative in Italia, con una fotografia del grado di “innovazione” delle regioni e delle provincie italiane, evidenziando le misure di supporto pubblico idonee ad incentivare l’ecosistema dell’innovazione e descrivendo il ruolo propulsivo degli incubatori. Il capitolo si chiude con l’analisi del fenomeno delle startup innovative in Italia a pochi anni dall’emanazione della normativa che ha consentito la loro nascita e sviluppo.
Nonostante gli importanti risultati raggiunti da alcune regioni italiane, agevolati anche dagli interventi normativi che si sono succeduti negli ultimi anni, emerge tuttavia il persistere di un ritardo rispetto ad altre regioni europee in termini di investimenti, di disponibilità di risorse umane ad alta specializzazione e di spesa per la ricerca e l’innovazione che determinano un più generale gap dell’ecosistema dell’innovazione nazionale rispetto alle principali controparti europee. Su questi aspetti occorre quindi continuare il lavoro intrapreso in questi anni, coniugando interventi normativi e fiscali ad hoc, con la messa a punto di strumenti e mercati finanziari idonei al finanziamento di queste imprese, con interventi agevolativi di varia natura e con lo sviluppo di un ecosistema idoneo alla nascita e alla crescita di imprese innovative
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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