117,338 research outputs found
“Animals and/or humans: Ethnography and the mediation of ‘glocal’ conflicts in the Carresi of southern Molise (Italy)”
No full textAbstract The paper focuses around a particular legal controversy between a ceremonial system in a South-Central area of Italy, including oxen charts races with horses associated to the ritual competitions and animal rights movements' issues about suspected violence against animals involved in these ceremonials. Ethnographers have been deeply involved in this dispute resolution as experts on community practices and knowledge as well as other scholars in veterinary and animal genetics. The focus of the quarrel has been the ambivalence between local and ‘global hierarchies of value’.
Summary 1 Animal Studies and Multispecies Ethnography. – 2 Towards an Archeology of Research on Ceremonies Involving Bovines. – 3 The Carresi Community of Practice. – 4 The Carresi Legal Case
Cerato-platanin from C. fimbriata f. sp. platani is an host resistance inducing protein and is produced by other strains of C. fimbriata and by some other species of the genus Ceratocystis
No full textCerato-platanin (CP) is a 120 amino acids protein [1, 5], produced by the Ascomycete Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani (Cfp), the causal agent of the plane canker stain. The species C. fimbriata attacks various other plants of considerable importance in agriculture, forestry and for their ornamental value; as a rule, one fungal strain isolated from one host is not virulent on the other plant species, and conversely, susceptible hosts are resistant to C. fimbriata strains if they come from hosts other than themselves. This means that the forma specialis platani of the species C. fimbriata attacks only the trees belonging to the genus Platanus, but not the hosts of the all other formae speciales of the fungus. CP is located in the cell walls of Cfp ascospores, hyphae and conidia, and is early secreted when Cfp is grown in liquid culture [2, 3]. CP elicits phytoalexin synthesis and/or cell necrosis in host and in non-host tissues; in plane leaves the main effects of CP are to cause a great increase in primary starch and a certain degree of intercellular and intracellular disorganization of the spongy parenchyma cells and plasmolysis processes; in addition, an increase of intracellular phenolic compounds has been observed in the palisade cells [3, 4]. In the present work we report that the minimum CP concentration able to induce the decrease of the 50% Cfp growth on plane leaves is of about 5 x 10-5 M; the maximum inducing effect has been obtained 24-48 hours post treatment. At this time, numerous defense-related genes are over-expressed, as it has been shown by Suppressive Subtractive Hybridisation. Moreover, results so far obtained by immunotechnical experiments on a total of 17 strains (9 of C. fimbriata, as well as 1 isolate each of C. moniliforme, C. allantospora, C. fagacearum, C. laricicola, C. ambrosia, Microascus cirrosus, Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi) indicate that a CP-homologous protein occurs in all strains of C. fimbriata and in some other species of Ceratocystis. For some strains of C. fimbriata the coding sequences of the cp-hortologous genes have been obtained, and then the sequences of the deduced proteins. BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Pazzagli L, Cappugi G, Manao G, Camici G, Santini A and Scala A, 1999. Purification of cerato-platanin, a new phytotoxic protein from Ceratocystis fimbriata f.sp. platani. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 24959-24964. 2. Boddi S, Comparini C, Calamassi R, Pazzagli L, Cappugi G and Scala A, 2004. Cerato-platanin protein is located in the cell walls of ascospores, conidia and hyphae of Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani. FEMS Microbiology Letters 233: 341-346. 3. Scala A, Pazzagli L, Comparini C, Santini A, Tegli S and Cappugi G, 2004. Cerato-platanin, an early-produced protein by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani, elicits phytoalexin synthesis in host and non-host plants. Journal of Plant Pathology 86: 23-29. 4. Bennici A, Calamassi R, Pazzagli L, Comparini C, Schiff S, Bovelli R, Mori B, Tani C and Scala A, 2005. Cytological and ultrastructural responses of Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. leaves to cerato-platanin, a protein from Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 44: 153-161. 5. Pazzagli L, Pantera B, Carresi L, Zoppi C, Pertinhez TA, Spisni A, Tegli S, Scala A, Cappugi G, 2006. Cerato-platanin, the first member of a new fungal protein family: cloning, expression and characterization. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 44: 512-521
Ophiostoma quercus produces a cerato-ulmin-homologous protein
No full textCerato-ulmin (CU) is a class II hydrophobin protein of about 7600 Da, produced by the Ascomycota Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., O. novo-ulmi Brasier and O. himal-ulmi Brasier M. D. Mehrotra. O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi are responsible for the Dutch elm disease (DED) that in the 20th century destroyed most of the elms native in Europe and North America (Ulmus minor Miller, U. glabra Huds., U. procera Salisb., U. americana L., U. rubra Muhl.), whereas O. himal-ulmi is present in Asia. CU accumulates in the cell walls of DED fungi and is abundantly released in the liquid culture medium with the exception of O. ulmi known to be a scarce or nil CU producer. It has been suggested that CU plays a key role in different phases of DED. However, the relationship between CU production and virulence of DED pathogens is still debated. In another ophiostomatoid species, O. quercus, non pathogenic towards elm trees, an immunologically CU-related protein was present in the mycelial cell wall, but not in the culture medium. Moreover, a DNA sequence that cross-hybridized with an O. novo-ulmi cu gene fragment was detected, thus suggesting the presence of a cu-ortologous gene in O. quercus. In the present work we report the cloning and sequencing of the cu gene from O. quercus. Furthermore, the protein has been partially purified from the mycelium and characterized
Is the expression of the gene coding for cerato-platanin modulated by biotic and abiotic factors?
No full textCeratocystis platani is the causal agent of canker stain, the most dangerous disease affecting the plane trees. The fungus produces cerato-platanin (CP), a protein of about 12.4 kDa acting as a PAMP in host and non-host plants. On plane leaves CP elicits the transcription of defence-related genes earlier than C. platani does. The amino acid sequence 1-119 of CP is a new protein domain, called "cerato-platanin domain”; thus, CP is the founding member of the cerato-platanin family (pfam PF07249). To date, a number of highly conserved proteins produced by Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes have been identified with this domain. They have been reported to interact with plants and humans, but very little is known about the regulation of the genes coding for these proteins and about their primary role in the lifestyle of producing fungi.
In the present work we demonstrated that CP is released by the fungus during the interaction with the host plant, and the expression of the cp gene is highly modulated. The gene was expressed more rapidly when the fungus was inoculated on the plane leaves than when it was grown in axenic culture. Potential abiotic and biotic stressors have been investigated: temperature, H2O2, umbelliferone (the reference plane phytoalexin), matric water stress, light (presence/absence), growth on sawdust of susceptible and resistant plane or elm trees, and co-culture with Trichoderma atroviride P1 and T. harzianum T22. The gene expression has been evaluated by qRT-PCR using TaqMan probes. The promoter region has been isolated and studied
Isolation of the orthologue of the cerato-ulmin gene in Ophiostoma quercus and characterization of the purified protein
No full textCerato-platanin elicts transcription of defence-related genes earlier than Ceratocystis platani on Platanus acerifolia
No full textThe ascomycete Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht & Harrington is the causal agent of canker stain, the most dangerous disease affecting the plane tree. Cerato-platanin (CP) is a protein elicitor from C. platani that acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), eliciting defence responses in both host and non-host plants. Using plane leaves as an experimental model, we compared the capacity of CP and C. platani to cause alterations in the transcription level of five Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. genes, three strictly related to a defence response, and two non-defence related. The results suggest that CP elicits the transcription of defence-related genes earlier than does C. platani. The expression of the cp gene in C. platani inoculated on plane leaves and grown in an axenic culture was also studied. For the first time CP has been shown to be released by C. platani when inoculated on P. acerifolia. The cp gene was expressed sooner when C. platani was inoculated on the leaves, than when it was grown in axenic culture, suggesting that the host-tree has a positive effect on the expression of this elicitor protei
Cerato-platanin, an host resistance inducing protein, is produced also by fungi other than C. fimbriata f. sp. platani
No full textCerato-platanin (CP) is a 120 amino acids protein, secreted by the Ascomycete Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani (Cfp), the causal agent of the plane canker stain. CP is located in the Cfp mycelial cell walls, and is early secreted when Cfp is grown in axenic culture. CP elicits phytoalexin synthesis and/or cell necrosis in host and in non-host tissues. The minimum CP concentration able to restrict the 50% Cfp growth on plane leaves is of about 5 x 10-5 M; the maximum eliciting effect occurs 24-48 hours post treatment. At this time, numerous defense-related genes are over-expressed, as it has been shown by Suppressive Subtractive Hybridisation. The complete sequence of the cDNA was identified; the genomic sequence of the coding region contained an intron of 59 bp. Results so far obtained by immunotechnical experiments on a total of 17 strains indicate that a CP-homologous protein occurs in all strains of C. fimbriata and in some other species of Ceratocystis. For some strains of C. fimbriata the coding sequences of the cp-hortologous genes have been obtained, and then the sequences of the deduced proteins. Cerato-platanin, an host resistance inducing protein, is produced also by fungi other than C. fimbriata f. sp. platan
Isolation of orthologues of the cp gene and characterization of the protein PoP from Ceratocystis populicola
No full textCerato-platanin (CP) is a protein of 120 amino acids, produced by the Ascomycete Ceratocystis platani, the agent of plane canker stain. CP is the founder member of the CP family (pfam07249), a group of proteins involved in the interaction between the producing fungi (pathogenic to plants or humans) and the respective hosts. CP is located in the cell walls of the C. platani mycelium, is able to self-aggregate, and is early released in vitro. Leaves of Platanus acerifolia react to CP in a resistance-like manner, activating various defence-related events including the over-expression of many defence-related genes and inhibition of the C. platani growth. The coding cp gene sequence has been cloned in Pichia pastoris, and the 3D solution structure of recombinant CP is now available. Recently our research group has isolated and sequenced the hortologues of the cp gene in various species and clones of the genus Ceratocystis (C. populicola, C. cacaofunesta, C. variospora, C. fimbriata clones from Coffea arabica, Mangifera indica, Fagus sp., Crotolaria juncea, and Ipomea batatas). The protein PoP from C. populicola has been purified and has been characterized structurally and functionally
Plant resistance-related responses are elicited by cerato-platanin, a small protein from C. fimbriata f. sp. platani
No full textCerato-platanin (CP) is a 12.4 kDa protein from the Ascomycete Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ell. and Halst.) Davidson f. sp. platani Walter, the causative agent of the canker stain of the plane trees. CP has the 40% percentage of hydrophobic residues, and contains 4 cysteines forming two S-S bridges at Cys20-57 and Cys60-115. CP is the founder member of the cerato-platanin family, and its N-terminal region presents a high similarity with that of cerato-ulmin, an Ophiostoma class II hydrophobin involved in Dutch elm disease. CP is able to self-assembly to give large, thioflavin T-positive molecular aggregates showing some similarities with those observed in the moderately hydrophobic hydrophobins. CP is located in the fungal cell walls, and is early-secreted in culture filtrates. The cp gene was cloned in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant protein is properly folded and maintains its biological activity. CP interacts with the plane leaves by eliciting phytoalexin synthesis, extended cell plasmolysis and crushing, and abundant starch accumulation in the chloroplasts. Various plane genes induced by CP treatments have been identified by the suppression subtractive hybridisation method
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