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Metacognition, mental disorders and aggressive behaviour: a longitudinal study
Get PDFMetacognitive functions play a key role in understanding which elements might lead a person with severe mental disorder to commit violent acts against others. Indeed, understanding internal states such as thoughts, emotions, desires, fears and goals, both their own and those of others and differentiating between them, is needed in order to guide behaviour towards the resolution of interpersonal conflict. This is a fundamental aspect of affronting the risk of committing aggressive acts.
The aims of the study were the following: (a) to investigate the differences between patients with a poor metacognitive functioning and patients with a good metacognitive functioning in relation to history of violence; (b) to explore the differences between patients with a poor metacognitive functioning and patients with a good metacognitive functioning in relation to other important aspects potentially involved in aggressive behaviour such as personality traits, anger, impulsiveness, hostility and emotion recognition; (c) to investigate the differences between patients with a poor metacognitive functioning and patients with a good metacognitive functioning in relation to aggressive behaviour displayed by patients during the one year follow-up; (d) to analyse the predictors of aggressive behaviour and evaluate if the metacognitive functions associated with other investigated aspects are related to aggressive behaviour during the one-year follow-up.
The sample included 180 patients: 56% outpatients and 44% inpatients, the majority were male (75%) with a mean age of 44 (+9,8) years and half of them had a history of violence. The sample was split into two groups: Poor Metacognition (PM) group and Good Metacognition (GM) group, according to MAI evaluation scores.
The PM patients reported a history of violence more frequently than GM patients (considering MAI total score), and in particular patients with poor monitoring, differentiating and decentering. Furthermore, PM patients showed less ability in emotion recognition and more frequently paranoid and narcissistic personality traits compared to GM patients. Concerning hostility, impulsivity and anger, no significant differences were found, except for ‘Negativism’ (i.e., BDHI subscale) that was higher in PM patients. During the 1-year follow-up, no differences between the PM group and the GM group in aggressive behaviours (verbal, against objects, self-aggression, against people) were found. The strongest predictors of aggressive behavoiur were: Borderline and Passive-Aggressive personality traits, history of violence, anger and hostility. The metacognitive functions alone did not predict aggressive behaviour, but metacognitive functions interacted with hostility manifested through direct and indirect aggression (two BDHI subscales) and with angry reaction through aggressive behaviour (one STAXI-2 subscale) in predicting aggressive behaviour. Indeed, these aspects predicted aggressive behaviour only in PM patients and not in GM patients.
This study leads to important conclusions: (a) certain aspects closely related with violence (e.g., hostility, anger) are predictive of aggressive behaviour only in patients with poor metacognition, thus good metacognition is a protective factors; (b) poor metacognition is associated with history of violence, which in turn increases the risk of committing aggressive behaviour. For this reason and considering that research in this field is still very limited, further studies are needed to deepen the role of metacognitive functions in relation to aggressive behaviour and to investigate whether psychotherapy focused on metacognitive functions is effective to prevent and/or reduce interpersonal violence
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Clinical and neuropsychological features of violence in schizophrenia: A prospective cohort study
Get PDFThe increased risk of violence in schizophrenia has been linked to several environmental, clinical and neuropsychological factors, including executive dysfunction. However, data about the nature of these effects are mixed and controversial. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between clinical and neuropsychological factors with violence risk in patients with schizophrenia, taking into account current psychopathology and lifetime alcohol use. We compared a sample of patients living in Residential Facilities (RFs) with schizophrenia and a past history of interpersonal violence (vSZ, N=50) to patients with schizophrenia matched on age, gender and alcohol abuse/dependence but with no violence history (nvSZ, N=37). We then established the association between the clinical and neuropsychological factors that predicted violence over a 1year follow-up period. The results revealed that vSZ patients living in RFs were characterized by greater compulsory hospital admissions, higher anger and less negative symptoms as compared to nvSZ patients. vSZ patients performed better on executive and motor tasks than nvSZ; however, these differences appeared to be explained by the lower negative psychotic symptom in the vSZ group. Both groups were involved in episodes of violence during the follow-up period; among the two, the vSZ patients were more likely to be violent. Negative symptoms predicted less verbal aggression at 1year follow-up. Overall, these findings support a key role of negative rather than positive symptoms in driving violence risk among SZ patients living in RFs, in a manner that negative symptoms are linked to a lower risk of violence
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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