112,518 research outputs found

    Letter, 1839 Jan. 23, Washington City, to George Winter, Logansport

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    Letter From: A.C. Pepper, Washington City, D.C., January 23, 1839 To: George Winter, Logansport ALS, 1 p. (one sheet, folded) Response to G.W. letter of Jan 7, 1839, acknowledging receipt of Council painting, which is being inspected by the Department. Payment to G.W. of $30

    Letter, 1850 Feb. 14, Liberty Mills, to George Winter, Logansport

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    Handwritten letter From: C.N. Lent, Liberty Mills, [?], February 14, 1850 To: George Winter, Logansport ALS, 2 p. (one sheet, folded)Acknowledging G.W. 's letter; his "Lodge" may sometime commission likeness of their "patron saint", Mesh-e-kun-nogh-gnah ("Little Turtle"), a prominent Miami chief; invites G.W. to visit. Notation on address side: received February 19, 1850

    Transcription of letter, 1838 Jan. 7, Logansport, Ind., to Col. A.C. Pepper

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    Note, begins "Geo Winter to Col A C Pepper copy of letter Dated Logansport Ind Jany 7 1838..." (in Cable Ball's handwriting, probably c. 1918-1920) AN, 2 p. (1 sheet, written in pencil) Transcription or summary of above-mentioned letter, dealing with painting of Council of Kee-waw-nay. Pepper's and Sands' portraits are considered good likenesses. To the left, Nas-wau-kay stands (dress described), with We-wiss-see, Iowaw, Pash-po, and M-jo-quis seated behind in a line. Near the latter stands I-go-moss (the blind chief). Knee-bush's head reclines against a tree; Kar-kar-ky sits with a stick near the feet of Col. Dunn. List of those present, on behalf of both the government and the Indians, at the Council of Kee-waw-nay, July 21, 1837. Cable Ball appends a note regarding the replacement of the red blanket over the conference table with a white blanket, at Barron's suggestion

    Geschichte

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    Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Berlin, 1769. Gedruckt und zu finden bey George Ludewig Winter.3 Ill. (Kupferst.

    Geschichte

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    Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Berlin, 1769. Gedruckt und zu finden bey George Ludewig Winter.8 Ill. (Kupferst.

    Controls on winter ecosystem respiration in temperate and boreal ecosystems

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    Winter CO2 fluxes represent an important component of the annual carbon budget in northern ecosystems. Understanding winter respiration processes and their responses to climate change is also central to our ability to assess terrestrial carbon cycle and climate feedbacks in the future. However, the factors influencing the spatial and temporal patterns of winter ecosystem respiration (Reco) of northern ecosystems are poorly understood. For this reason, we analyzed eddy covariance flux data from 57 ecosystem sites ranging from ~35° N to ~70° N. Deciduous forests were characterized by the highest winter Reco rates (0.90 ± 0.39 g C m-2 d-1), when winter is defined as the period during which daily air temperature remains below 0 °C. By contrast, arctic wetlands had the lowest winter Reco rates (0.02 ± 0.02 g C m-2 d-1). Mixed forests, evergreen needle-leaved forests, grasslands, croplands and boreal wetlands were characterized by intermediate winter Reco rates (g C m-2 d-1) of 0.70(±0.33), 0.60(±0.38), 0.62(±0.43), 0.49(±0.22) and 0.27(±0.08), respectively. Our cross site analysis showed that winter air (Tair) and soil (Tsoil) temperature played a dominating role in determining the spatial patterns of winter Reco in both forest and managed ecosystems (grasslands and croplands). Besides temperature, the seasonal amplitude of the leaf area index (LAI), inferred from satellite observation, or growing season gross primary productivity, which we use here as a proxy for the amount of recent carbon available for Reco in the subsequent winter, played a marginal role in winter CO2 emissions from forest ecosystems. We found that winter Reco sensitivity to temperature variation across space (QS) was higher than the one over time (interannual, QT). This can be expected because QS not only accounts for climate gradients across sites but also for (positively correlated) the spatial variability of substrate quantity. Thus, if the models estimate future warming impacts on Reco based on QS rather than QT, this could overestimate the impact of temperature change
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