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Connection between lower natural killer function and susceptibility to viral infections in cluster headache
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Defective expression of IL-2 receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cluster headache
No full textIn a previous study we demonstrated that cluster headache (CH) patients present an increased Natural Cytotoxic response after incubation of their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with Interleukin-2 (IL-2). This phenomenon led to an investigation of the phenotypic expression of PBL before and after IL-2 incubation, and of the IL-2 lymphocyte receptor. IL-2 receptor is expressed on T-lymphocytes activated with an high-affinity binding site. The analysis of the function of human IL-2 receptor was facilitated by the production of a specific monoclonal antibody (MAb). This MAb identifies the IL-2 receptors by blocking the binding of radiolabelled IL-2 to T-cells. In addition, we studied the expression of Leu-4, specific for T-cells; of Leu-11b, specific for FC receptor on NK cells; and the Transferrin Receptor, specific for lymphoblasts and monocytes. Twenty-three episodic CH patients were selected for this study. Ten sex and age-matched healthy volunteers were used as the control group. We evaluated the PBL phenotypic expression of cells subsets before incubation with IL-2 (1,000 I.U./ml) and after 72 hours. The following Becton Dickinson MAbs have been used: anti-Leu-4 (CD3), anti-IL-2 receptors (CD25), anti-Transferrin receptor (TFR) and anti-Leu-11b (CD16). Indirect fluorescence with a Becton Dickinson FACS-420 flow cytometer was used to analyze the cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS
In vitro interactions of 5-HT with mononuclear cells from migraine patients: alterations related to the phase of the attack
No full textSerotonin (5-HT) binds in a saturable and specific manner to high affinity binding sites present on the surface of human mononuclear cells. The serotonin binding to mononuclear cells has been assayed in patients with migraine, during and outside the crisis period. In these patients, unlike the episodic cluster headache patients that show a constant trend, the results are variable. This variability may depend on the fluctuation of 5-HT levels in the blood, during and after the crisis. A possible explanation for these observations is that at the beginning of the crisis the binding of 5-HT is still similar to the normal level. As the crisis goes on, there is at first an increase in 5-HT binding that saturates all the available sites and a subsequent phenomenon of desensitization, with a loss of high affinity sites. Further investigations are needed in order to assess whether or not the mononuclear cell functions are affected by the modifications of the binding of 5-HT, thought to be a regulatory molecule
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell phenomenon in cluster headache. ''In vitro'' activation by recombinant Interleukin-2
No full textPrevious studies showed that the Natural Killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from cluster headache (CH) patients is lower than that of controls. This decreased activity seems to be independent of the cluster period. β-interferon has been shown to be more effective in increasing NK activity when incubated with PBL from CH patients, than with PBL from control donors. Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) cells can be generated by incubation of human PBL in recombinant Interleukin-2 (rIL-2). This phenomenon was studied in 10 CH patients and 8 healthy volunteers. PBL were activated to LAK cells by ''in vitro'' incubation for 72 hours in Control Medium containing rIL-2 (1000 I.U./ml). A four hour Chromium 51 release was used to measure LAK Cell Killing of K562 target cells. The released radioactivity was measured in a gamma scintillation counter. The CH patients showed a marked increase of LAK generation compared to control subjects. This effect seems to be augmented during the cluster period
Presence of t-activated cells and generation of interleukin-2 mediated cytotoxicity on NK cells from cluster headache patients
No full textActivations of T-cells in vivo and IL-2 mediated induction of NK activity in vitro in cluster headache
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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