403 research outputs found
Theory and Methods
No full textThis chapter provides a detailed overview of the broad theoretical framework developed for the book. It begins by reviewing the extensive literature on climate change policy adoption and argues that existing theories have been overly focused on mitigation policies in the Global North. It details the broad-based analytical framework which guides the case study analysis and which incorporates considerations of: a) countries’ vulnerability to climate change impacts; b) international engagement on the issue of loss and damage; c) national institutional factors; and d) the role of ideas, including knowledge and norms. The chapter delves into each element of the framework and discusses the limitations of the research design. It then turns to describing the book’s abductive and iterative methodological approach which moves between existing theoretical propositions and data gathered through the analysis of law and policy documents and more than seventy-five interviews with national stakeholders across the case studies. The chapter concludes by highlighting the epistemic value of the book’s approach which has involved partnering with researchers in the Global South to co-develop, undertake and write up the research
Quantum many-body scars : realizations and applications
No full textauthor: Gabriele Calliari, BScMasterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 202
Quantum many-body scars : realizations and applications
No full textauthor: Gabriele Calliari, BScMasterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 202
Quantum many-body scars : realizations and applications
No full textauthor: Gabriele Calliari, BScMasterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 202
Exochella moyanoi Ramalho & Calliari, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textExochella moyanoi sp. nov. (Fig. 6 A–C) Exochella longirostris Marcus, 1937: 82, fig. 43; Marcus, 1941: 22, fig. 16; Marcus, 1949: 1. Material examined. Parcel do Carpinteiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: MNRJ- 1176, am 28 point 1, 32° 10.086 ’S, 51 ° 28.269 ’W, 28 August 2009; MNRJ- 1211, am09 pc 1, 32° 17.032 ’S, 51 ° 48.754 ’W, 40 meters depth, 28 September 2009; MNRJ- 1212, am 24 station2, 32° 09.406S, 51 ° 28.318 W, 31 July 2009; MNRJ- 1213, am 30 station 0 1, 32° 14.300 ’S, 51 ° 46.630 ’W, 25 meters depth; MNRJ- 1214, am12, 32° 16.724 ’S, 51 ° 47.111 ’W, 25 meters depth; MNRJ- 1215, am05, 32 ° 16.894 ’S, 51 ° 48.454 ’W, 24 meters depth, 28 March 2007; Hermenegildo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: MNRJ- 1216, HS#24, 33° 45.326 ’S, 53 ° 13.991 ’W, 18 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG. Description. Colony encrusting, unilamellar with usually regular growth (Fig. 6 A). Autozooids disposed in quincunx, rectangular (271–443 (341) µm long x 171–243 (197) µm wide); frontal wall smooth, convex with only areolar horizontally elongate (11–15) (Fig. 6 A–B). Secondary orifice D-shaped (86–100 (93) µm long x 86 –100 (95) µm wide) with rounded anter and almost right poster, usually with one central mucro; condyles present almost or just the lateral midline of the orifice; three to five thin distal oral spines, usually shared by oecium (Fig. 6 B–C). One (usually) or two avicularia (86–129 (105) µm long) on the frontal surface located almost middle length of the zooid, near the margin, laterally directed (outwards), on the right or left side (when two avicularia are present, one on each side); triangular mandible; crossbar complete (Fig. 6 B–C). Oecium rounded (157–200 (174) µm long x 186–243 (217) µm wide), immersed on the frontal wall of the next zooid, smooth surface with areolar pores; dependent orifice (Fig. 6 B–C). Etymology. The name moyanoi is in honour to Dr. Hugo Moyano who dedicated his life to Bryozoan studies. Geographic distribution. Rio Grande do Sul States (Parcel do Carpinteiro and Hermenegildo - present study). Remarks. Jullien (1888) described Exochella longirostris from Cap Horn and following authors recorded this species for the Atlantic Ocean (Waters 1889; Rogick 1956; Lagaaij 1963). Marcus also recorded some colonies of this species for São Paulo and Paraná States (Marcus 1937, 1941). However, Hayward (1995) redescribed E. longirostris Jullien, 1888 and mentioned that this species is strictly magellanic (Southern Chile to the Falkland Isles) and Winston et al. (2014) suggested that Marcus’ material (from São Paulo, Marcus 1937) belonged to a distinct species. Despite of E. longirostris being similar to E. moyanoi n. sp., the first one has larger zooids (480– 500 µm long x 300–430 µm wide) with rounded areolar pores, three distal oral spines, avicularia with slender and acuminate rostrum, and oecium coarsely nodular. Winston et al. (2014) described a new species from the Brazilian coasts (Rio de Janeiro State), Exochella frigidula. This species can be distinguished from E. moyanoi as it has two to four distal spines, larger autozooids (396–522 (456) µm long x 324–486 µm wide), longer avicularia (108–180 (156) µm long) with heavy rims and rostrum on a raised camara. Another similar species is E. tropica Winston & Woollacott, 2009, but it has larger autozooids (455–516 (494) µm long x 218–309 (261) µm wide), a thick tubercle below the peristome, larger avicularia (127–218 (170 µm long) with rostrum raised at an angle from downsloping zooid margins and oriented slightly distolaterally. So, we believe that E. moyanoi is a new species.Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V. & Calliari, Lauro, 2015, Bryozoans from Rio Grande do Sul Continental Shelf, Southern Brazil, pp. 569-587 in Zootaxa 3955 (4) on pages 578-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3955.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/23263
AES and core level photoemission in the study of a -C and a-C:H
No full textThe state of the art in the use of two probes of the occupied electron states, namely C KVVAuger emission and C 1s photoemission, in the study of a-C and a-C:H is reviewed, with particular attention to the issue of deriving the sp2 fraction. The local character of the two probes justifies decomposition of the relative spectra into an sp2 and an sp3 component. While however decomposition of the C 1s spectrum relies upon a theoretical basis and allows accounting for disorder effects in the amorphous state, no theory is available to support C KVV spectrum decomposition which has therefore to rely upon a purely empirical basis. In addition, the introduction of disorder related effects is not straightforward for this spectrum. A real validation of the sp2 fraction measurement is lacking for both techniques, though there are indications that both allow qualitative or even semi-quantitative (C 1s spectrum) understanding of the electronic structure of amorphous carbon systems. Beside the sp2 fraction evaluation, other pieces of information, concerning the spatial organization of the sp2 sites, are possibly extracted from these spectr
Chaperia taylori Ramalho & Calliari, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textChaperia taylori sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A–B) Material examined. Parcel do Carpinteiro, Holotype: MNRJ- 1163, am 25 station 2, 32°09.173’S, 51 ° 28.099 ’W, 0 7 Aug 2009; Paratype: MNRJ- 1164, am 25 station 1, 32°09.513’S, 51 ° 28.013 ’W, 0 7 Aug 2009; MNRJ- 1165, MNRJ- 1185, am09 pc3, 32° 14.605 ’S, 51 ° 43.991 ’W, 22 meters depth, 28 September 2009; MNRJ- 1186, am 22 parcel 1, 32° 13.716 ’S, 51 ° 46.101 ’W, 21 meters depth, 0 2 April 2009; MNRJ- 1187, am 20, 32° 30.086 ’S, 51 ° 34.000 ’W, 40 meters depth; MNRJ- 1188, am 28 point 1, 32° 10.086 ’S, 51 ° 28.269 ’W, 28 August 2009; MNRJ- 1189, am 30 station 0 1, 32° 14.300 ’S, 51 ° 46.630 ’W, 25 meters depth; MNRJ- 1190, am12, 32° 16.724 ’S, 51 ° 47.111 ’W, 25 meters depth; MNRJ- 1229, Am 24 station 2, 32°09.406’S, 51 ° 28.318 ’W, 31 July 2009. Diagnosis. Colony growing around organic substrata; autozooids hexagonal with six distal spines, opesia longer than wide, occlusor laminae near the opesial border; frontal wall short, smooth and flat; distal wall with several spread pores not in the rosette plates. Description. Colony fragments well calcified which grow around organic substrata (Fig. 2 A). Autozooids hexagonal (484–625 (567) µm long x 453–625 (512) µm wide) with rounded distal region, disposed in quincunx (Fig. 2 A). Frontal cryptocystal wall short, smooth to lightly crenulated, and flat. Opesia oval, longer than wide (281–344 (317) µm long x 250–297 (277) µm wide), occupying more than half of the frontal surface (Fig. 2 B). On the distal border there are usually six spines, rarely seven, disposed in line. Only spine scars are present and they suggest that the most distal spines are narrower and the most proximal spines do not reach the midline of the opesia border (Fig. 2 A–B). Distal wall (inner) with numerous spread pores not included in the rosette plates (Fig. 2 B). Two occlusor laminae developed, obliquely located on each side inside and very near the opesia border (Fig. 2 A–B). Avicularia not observed. Oecium not observed. Etymology. The name taylori is in homage to Dr. Paul D. Taylor from the Natural History Museum (London) who has contributed to studies about the Brazilian bryozoan fauna. Geographic distribution. Rio Grande do Sul state - Parcel do Carpinteiro (present study). Remarks. Almost twenty species of this genus are known, seven of them are recorded in the South Atlantic: Chaperia acanthina (Lamouroux, 1824), Chaperia brasiliensis Vieira et al., 2010, C. capensis (Busk, 1884), C. familiaris Hayward & Cook, 1983, C. laticella Canu, 1908, C. polygonia (Kluge, 1914), and C. septispina Florence et al., 2007. All of these species have opesia that are wider than long, differing from Chaperia taylori sp. nov., which has opesia longer than wide. Besides this C. acanthina has four or five distal spines, a longer cryptocyst, shorter and wider opesia (220–260 µm long x 280–300 µm wide); C. brasiliensis has more distal spines (7–11), shorter opesia (236 µm long x 265 µm wide); C. capensis has only two distal spines, opesia occupying more than 60 % of the total front length; in C. familiaris the two most proximal distolateral spines and the occlusor lamina are nearer the distal region; C. laticella has smaller opesia (210 µm long x 250 µm wide), a convex, granulose and more developed cryptocyst; C. septispina has 5–7 distal spines, a shorter cryptocyst, occlusor laminae farther away from the opesium border, originating distally and reaching the proximal edge of the opesium. Chaperia polygonia is the species most similar to Chaperia taylori, but besides the longer than wide opesium, it has a shorter and more crenulated frontal cryptocystal wall, occlusor laminae that are more robust and farther away of the opesium border, and two distal multiporous rosette plates. Based on these observations we believe that Chaperia taylori is a new species. López Gappa & Lichtschein (1988) recorded C. acanthina (var. polygonia Kluge, 1914) for northern Argentina. These specimens may prove to be conspecific with C. taylori sp. nov.Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V. & Calliari, Lauro, 2015, Bryozoans from Rio Grande do Sul Continental Shelf, Southern Brazil, pp. 569-587 in Zootaxa 3955 (4) on pages 571-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3955.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/23263
Cellaria riograndensis Ramalho & Calliari, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textCellaria riograndensis sp. nov. (Fig. 4 A–D) Material examined. Parcel do Carpinteiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Holotype: MNRJ- 1192, am 25 station 2, 32°09.173’S, 51 ° 28.099 ’W, 0 7 Aug 2009; Paratype: MNRJ- 1170, am 25 station 2, 32°09.173’S, 51 ° 28.099 ’W, 0 7 Aug 2009; MNRJ- 1171, am09 lance 6, 32° 17.032 ’S, 51 ° 48.754 ’W, 40 m depth, 28 September 2009; MNRJ- 1172, am 22 pc 1, 32° 13.716 ’S, 51 ° 46.101 ’W, 21 meters depth, 0 2 February 2009; MNRJ- 1169, am 21 P 1 Bento, 32 ° 16.674 ’S, 51 ° 47.330 ’W, 25 meters depth; MNRJ- 1191, am 24 station 2, 32°09.406’S, 51 ° 28.318 ’W, 31 July 2009; MNRJ- 1193, am 26 point 1, 32°08.348’S, 51 ° 27.589 ’W, 14 August 2009; MNRJ- 1194, am 28 point 2, 32°08.402’S, 51 ° 28.045 ’W, 28 August 2009; MNRJ- 1228, am 30 station 1, 32° 14.300 ’S, 51 ° 46.630 ’W, 25 meters depth; MNRJ- 1227, station 113 (Geo Costa I), 32 ° 15.900 ’S, 51 ° 46.970 ’W. Hermenegildo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: MNRJ- 1195, HT#15, 33° 3.321 'S, 53 ° 13.824 'W, 13 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1196, HT#48, 33° 48.453 'S, 53 ° 12.857 'W, 21 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1197, HT# 48 b, 33 ° 48.453 ’S, 53 ° 12.857 ’W, 21 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1198, HT#22, 33° 44.213 ’S, 53 ° 14.414 ’W, 15.4 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1199, HT# 22 b, 33 ° 44.213 ’S, 53 ° 14.414 ’W, 15.4 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1200, HT#27, 33° 44.080 ’S, 53 ° 12.274 ’W, 19 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1258, H#20, 33° 41.254 ’S, 53 ° 10.116 ’W, 17 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG; MNRJ- 1264, H#18, 33° 39.471 ’S, 53 °09.765’W, 14.7 meters depth, June 2011, Coll. FURG. Diagnosis. Colony cylindrical, jointed and branching dichotomously; autozooids rhomboidal to hexagonal, orifice crescent-shaped with distal rim beaded and two prominent condyles rod-shaped, curved to the front. Avicularia replacing the autozooid with triangular mandible; oecium with circular aperture located above the zooidal orifice. Description. Colony erect, cylindrical, branching dichotomously, jointed (Fig. 4 A). Only loose branches were collected. Autozooids rhomboidal to hexagonal (infertile: 337–425 (373) µm long x 200–250 (229) µm wide; fertile: 365–470 (403) µm long x 200–271 (231) µm wide), disposed in series (8-10) around the whole branch (Fig. 4 A–C). Orifice crescent-shaped without size difference between fertile and infertile zooids (59–80 (70) µm long x 100–137 (118) µm wide), proximal rim slightly convex with two prominent condyles rod-shaped, curved and directed to the front; distal rim with small bead. Cryptocyst granular, depressed. Gymnocyst thick, raised, granular like the cryptocyst (Fig. 4 B–D). Avicularia almost the same length of the autozooids, narrower (317–388 (351) µm long x 147–188 (174) µm wide), may replace an autozooid; mandible triangular, palate with a large and shared pore at the proximal region, condiles not observed (Fig. 4 B–D). Oecium immersed, aperture circular (30–71 (49) µm diameter), above the zooidal orifice (Fig. 4 C). Etymology. The name riograndensis refers to the Rio Grande do Sul state, locality of the samples. Geographic distribution. Rio Grande do Sul state (Parcel do Carpinteiro e Hermenegildo–present study). Remarks. Almost 110 fossil and recent Cellaria species are described around the world. For the South Atlantic almost 20 species are recorded, being 17 recent and four fossils, coming mainly from Antarctic waters. Cellaria subtropicalis Vieira et al., 2010 and C. brasiliensis Winston et al., 2014 were the only species described from the Brazilian coast. Cellaria subtropicalis has hexagonal zooids, transversal oecium aperture and a rounded avicularium mandible. Cellaria brasiliensis is very similar to C. riograndensis n. sp. but it has shorter autozooids (324–414 (377) µm long), with different shape and a rounded distal end, slightly shorter orifice (90–126 (106) µm long) with proximal rim more developed and smooth frontal surface, avicularia with the same autozooid size, and rostrum with equilateral triangle-shaped. Another similar species is C. louisorum Winston & Woollacott, 2009 described from West Atlantic (Barbados), but it differs from this species as it has a distinct orifice difference between infertile and fertile zooids (a wider orifice and a concave proximal rim in fertile zooids and a convex proximal rim in infertile ones), condyles of avicularia mandible well demarked, larger avicularia (382–455 (411) µm length), and a small rounded oecium foramen. Other species from South Atlantic have greater differences (larger zooids, series with different quantities of zooids, avicularia with semicircular mandibles, oecium with crescent orifice). Thus, we believe that this Cellaria is a new species.Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V. & Calliari, Lauro, 2015, Bryozoans from Rio Grande do Sul Continental Shelf, Southern Brazil, pp. 569-587 in Zootaxa 3955 (4) on pages 574-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3955.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/23263
Electroplastic effect in specimens of duplex stainless steel under tension
No full textDuplex stainless steels (DSSs) possess a typical biphasic microstructure consisting of equal amount of ferrite and austenite, which provides better combination of the mechanical and corrosion properties compared to the austenitic grade. Despite their good processability, they suffer from embrittlement of secondary phases in a very specific temperature range 450 – 1000°C depending on the composition. Solubilizing treatment after processing is required to obtain a perfect balance between austenite and ferrite and moreover, to dissolve any secondary phases that could have been formed during processing. This implies very high energy consumption of forming processes due to a high temperature (above 1000°C) or high power needed for the forming machines. The electroplastic effect could be used to reduce the force needed to form the material and extend the forming limits. The effect consists in direct interaction between the electrons of the electrical current and the ions of the material. The current mode (e.g., continuous current, pulsed current, pulse duration and duty cycle) plays an important role in the occurrence and the extent of the electroplastic effect. The electroplastic effect is investigated under tension in two-phase duplex stainless steel UNS S32205. Tensile tests under different current conditions (current density and frequency) are compared to room temperature tests. The best effect in terms of reduction of the ultimate tensile strength and increase in the fracture strain is achieved by introducing a multi-pulse current with the maximum density and pulse duration
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