1,721,098 research outputs found
Spectroscopy
No full textThroughout the day, we apply experimental methods to estimate time, mass, volume, distance, velocity, and temperature—how much to eat (mass), what clothes to wear (temperature), how long will it take to get somewhere (distance, velocity, and time). Preparing a meal requires some precision with respect to these factors, and the kitchen was the first laboratory for chemists and engineers. We continue to share many concepts related to instrumentation and experimental design. This book presents the basic principles of measurement particular to chemical engineering. Redacting this manuscript has been a collaborative effort; its original inspiration was J.P. Holman’s textbook entitled “Experimental Methods for Engineers.” In this 2nd edition, we revise the text entirely, correct typos (and other errors), and add a chapter on mass and distance and spectroscopy. Each chapter begins with a historical perspective to recognize the work of early pioneers but also to stimulate the imagination of the students. For example, 10 000 years ago, man created plaster from limestone. Plaster requires temperatures nearing 900°C, which is 150°C higher than an open pit fire. It requires 1000 kg of wood (chopped by stone axes), 500 kg of limestone, a pit 2 m in diameter and 0.7 m deep, rocks to insulate, and two days to burn. Modern manufacturing errors are costly and a nuisance; in prehistoric times, errors would have been considerably more than just an inconvenience.
In Chapter 1, we list the seven steps of the scientific method and review the rules of nomenclature—units of physical quantities, abbreviations, conversion between SI and British Units, writing convention. Chapter 2 introduces significant figures and what we mean by accuracy, precision, and error analysis. In this second edition, we report an explicit equation to calculate how many experiments are necessary to achieve a specified confidence interval. Chapter 3 reviews data analysis including hypothesis testing, data smoothing, and statistical tests. We summarize design of experiments, and we include more detail in this edition to describe factorial designs, outlining them and other complementary designs with detailed examples. Chapter 4 is new and introduces stress, strain, and electrical properties that relate to manufacturing sensors for mass and force. We apply these concepts in Chapters 5 and 6 that deal with pressure and temperature measurements. In each of these chapters, we first review basic concepts, including thermodynamics. Then we describe the sensors that rely on mechanical and electrical properties.
Chapters 7 and 8 continue with chemical engineering fundamentals of fluid flow and physicochemical properties. The former begins with Bernoulli’s equation and Reynolds number, then lists common flow meters. The three physicochemical properties that Chapter 8 presents include viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion. It demonstrates how these properties are related and introduces non-dimensional numbers. Examples throughout the book help the students grasp the mechanics of solving problems but also to underline pitfalls in solving them. Measuring gas and liquid concentration by chromatography and mass spectrometry is the subject of Chapter 9. In this edition, we dedicate more scope to troubleshooting the chromatographic instruments. Spectroscopic instruments we detail in Chapter 11. This summary includes sections written by eminent chemists. We have selected the most powerful techniques used to characterize the physicochemical properties of solids and include infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, UV/Vis, X-ray absorption, and refractometry Whereas Chapter 11 probes the nature of the solids phases, composition and morphology, Chapter 10 concentrates on powder properties—particle shape, size distribution, density, and surface area. The first edition of this book was a collaborative effort in which Melina Hamdine early on drafted several chapters in French, including Physicochemical Properties, Analysis of Powders and Solids, and Design of Experiments. Prof. Bala Srinivasan contributed to Chapter 3 on experimental design. Katia Senécal was “instrumental” in gathering the essential elements for the chapters, including Measurement Analysis, Pressure, Temperature, and Flow Rate. Prof. Bruno Detuncq collaborated in the revision of these chapters. Danielle Béland led the redaction of the chapter on chromatography to determine concentration, with some assistance from Cristian Neagoe. He also wrote the section concerning spectroscopy. Amina Benamer contributed extensively to this project, including preparing solutions to the problems after each chapter, writing sections related to refractometry and X-ray, and translating. Second-year students from the Department also participated by proposing original problems that were added at the end of each chapter (together with the name of the author of the problem). I would particularly like to recognize Paul Patience for his tremendous contribution throughout the creative process of preparing this manuscript. The depth of his reflection has been appreciated tremendously (LATEX). He also co-authored the section on pyrometry. Christian Patience prepared many of the drawings and Nicolas Patience helped with translating from French to English, as did Nadine Aboussouan.
This second edition is no less a collaborative effort. Ariane Bérard expanded Chapter 3 with examples of experimental designs. Prof. J. Gostick contributed the chapter on Mass and Force instrumentation. Stefano Lucini wrote the section on troubleshooting GC and HPLC instruments, while F. Galli contributed to the section on mass spectrometry with Patrice Perreault, who was devout at identifying errors and proposing additional problems. Marco Rigamonti and He Li wrote sections of Chapter 10. Collaborators on Chapter 11 included Daria C. Boffito, Cristian Neagoe, Giuseppina Cerrato, Claudio Boffito, Gian Luca Chiarello, Claudia L. Bianchi, Marco G. Rigamonti, and Amina Benamer. This chapter is a tremendous contribution to the book because it details simply which instruments measure which physicochemical property and then describes how they work
Metallic fiber boards functionalized by catalysts and process for producing thereof
No full textThere is disclosed a process for producing metallic fiber boards with functionalization of the surface by catalysts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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