7,031 research outputs found
Genetic divergence between Cyprinus carpio carpio and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus as assessed by mitochondrial DNA analysis, with emphasis on origin of European domestic carp
No full textAlthough common carp is the major fish species in Asian and European aquaculture and many domestic varieties have occurred, there is a controversy about the origination of European domestic common carp. Some scientists affirmed that the ancestor of European domestic common carp was Danube River wild common carp, but others considered it might be Asian common carp. For elucidating origination of European domestic common carp, we chose two representative European domestic common carp strains (German mirror carp and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp) and one wild common carp strain of Cyprinus carpio carpio subspecies (Volga River wild common carp) and two Asian common carp strains, the Yangtze River wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) and traditionally domestic Xingguo red common carp, as experimental materials. ND5-ND6 and D-loop segments of mitochondrial DNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing respectively. The results revealed that HaeIII and DdeI digestion patterns of ND5-ND6 segment and sequences of control region were different between European subspecies C. carpio carpio and Asian subspecies C. carpio haematopterus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that German mirror carp and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp belonged to two subspecies, C. carpio carpio and C. carpio haematopterus, respectively. Therefore, there were different ancestors for domestic carp in Europe: German mirror carp was domesticated from European subspecies C. carpio carpio and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp originated from Asian subspecies C. carpio haematopterus
Age composition, growth, and reproduction of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in the lower Waikato, New Zealand
No full textA total of 566 koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the lower Waikato region were aged from scales and opercular bones, and growth was modelled with the von Bertalanffy growth function. There was no difference in growth rate between male and female carp. Growth of koi carp between zero and 3 years of age was lower than that of common carp in Europe and Australia. However, after 5 years of age the growth of koi carp was higher than that of common carp in Europe, but still below that of carp in Australia. Males rarely lived in excess of 8 years, whereas females lived to 12 years. Mean total fecundity calculated from 44 running-ripe females was 299 000 oocytes (±195 600 SD) (range 29 800–771 000). Relative fecundity ranged from 19 300 to 216 000 oocytes kg–1 total body weight, with a mean of 97 200 (±35 000 SD) oocytes kg–1. Feral koi carp in the Waikato are capable of multiple spawnings within their lifetimes. Within a spawning season, Waikato populations of feral koi carp contained females that spawned once, and females that had the potential to have spawned repeatedly. Female gonadosomatic index (GSI) varied with season and was negatively related to water temperature
Determining and testing the optimal pure-tone frequency for use in acoustic conditioning of free-ranging common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
No full textPure-tone frequencies of 400, 700, and 1000 Hz were tested to determine which achieved the strongest response when used in conditioning experiments on captive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for the purpose of determining the most effective frequency to use in conditioning experiments on free-ranging common carp. Captive common carp were shown to have the strongest response to the 400 Hz frequency after training that associated sound with food. Response was quantified as moving into a feeding arena when the sound was broadcast, and all frequencies achieved conditioning within five days. Secondly, the attenuation of the three frequencies were compared in a Waikato lake (Lake Kaituna) containing common carp. The ability to maintain signal strength over distance is necessary for frequencies used in the acoustic conditioning of free-ranging common carp due to the potentially large distances involved. Attenuation of the 400 Hz and 700 Hz pure tone frequencies were not significantly different but were both lower than that of the 1000 Hz frequency. The 400 Hz pure tone frequency was used in subsequent experiments on the acoustic conditioning of free-ranging common carp in Lake Kaituna because of superior performance in acoustic conditioning of captive common carp and low attenuation in a natural water body containing free-ranging common carp,. Thirdly, the 400 Hz pure tone was evaluated for its ability to be associated with food by free-ranging common carp. Capture rates at treatment sites where 400 Hz pure tone was broadcast compared to control sites where no sound was broadcast following a five-day training phase and 24 h of no sound or food, were 2.1 times greater during a three-day capture phase. This study demonstrates the trainability of common carp, a trait that can be used to improve control of wild common carp populations
The use of boat electrofishing for koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) control in the Kauri Point catchment.
No full textThe koi carp is an ornamental strain of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) which is believed to be one of the most ecologically detrimental of all freshwater invasive fish species. They are widespread in the Auckland and Waikato region and appear to be spreading both north and south of these areas. The presence of koi carp in 3 ornamental ponds at Kauri Point, Katikati which is located in the western Bay of Plenty region was confirmed in late 2006. Because koi carp is designated an unwanted organism under the Biosecurity Act it was decided by the Department of Conservation (DOC) that an attempt to eradicate them from this locality would occur. One possible option for eradication of koi carp in this catchment was the use of and electric fishing boat from the University of Waikato. This boat operates by putting a pulsed DC current into the water column where it attracts and then incapacitates fish, allowing operators to remove them from the water with hand nets.
The Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research (CBER) at the University of Waikato was contracted to attempt to eradicate koi carp from the three ponds at Kauri Point by boat-electrofishing. The objectives were (1) to survey the fish abundance, (2) to remove as mand koi as possible in an attempt for eradication and (3) to estimate the proportion of koi carp removed from the system by boat-electrofishing. On 21 and 22 April 2008, a total of 327 fish comprising of 307 koi carp (137.5 kg of biomass), 1 goldfish(Carassius auratus) and 19 koi-goldfish hybrids were captured and removed from the 3 ponds located within the Kauri Point catchment by a combination of electric fishing (307 fish) and gill netting (20 fish). The majority of these fish (299 koi, 1 goldfish, 19 koi-goldfish hybrids) were removed from the largest pond (pond A). Boat-electrofishing caught a wide size range of koi (70 mm to 510 mm) and at least four distinct size classes of koi were apparent. The high proportion of juvenile (<200 mm) caught along with reasonable numbers of mature males and females in pond A strongly suggests that breeding is occurring within the Kauri Point aquatic ecosystem. Results from analysing scales of a small sub sample of koi (n=34) also shows that there was a wide range of ages of pond A (ages 1 to 8 years old). Pond A had a relatively high density of 4.6 koi carp 100 m⁻² compared to pond B and C which had low densities of 0.5 and 0.2 koi carp 100 m⁻² respectively. No juvenile carp were observed to be present in ponds B and C.
Population and total biomass estimates for koi carp in pond A prior to removal of fish were calculated to be 358±66 koi carp and 145.14 ±44.27 kg (mean ±95% C. I) respectively. 299 koi carp or 122.30 kg of biomass (71-84% of the estimated population) were removed from pond A over two days of electric fishing, leaving a possible 125 koi carp or 67.11 kg of biomass remaining in the pond. Boat-electrofishing proved to be a successful too for removing a large proportion of the estimated biomass of koi carp in the Kauri Point ponds. Eradication of koi carp by boat-electrofishing from this system was not possible due to poor water visibility (difficult to spot narcotised carp), limited time allocated and successful koi carp breeding occurring in the ponds. Viable options of koi carp eradication in the Kauri Point catchment would involve the partial draining and poisoning of the three ponds and the associated tributaries where koi carp are found
Fumagillin, an efficacious drug against renal sphaerosporosis of the common carp Cyprinus carpio
No full textAt present no reliable and efficacious drugs are available for treating fish diseases caused by myxosporeans. By feeding Fumagillin DCH salt in the diet, the authors achieved very promising results in controlling renal sphaerosporosis, one of the commonest myxosporean parasitoses of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Intraperitoneal injection of Sphaerospora renicola stages developing in the
swimbladder produced sphaerosporosis only in control groups, whereas in fish consuming 0.1 % fumagillin no infection developed. Farm-pond experiments also gave promising results: in fumagillintreated common carp fry a much milder sphaerosporosis developed, both in prevalence and intensity,
than in control fish
Detecting exploitable stages in the life history of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in New Zealand
No full textKoi carp are a highly coloured strain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and are an invasive alien species to New Zealand. The introduction of koi carp to the lower Waikato River during the 1980s has coincided with a dramatic decline in water quality within the regions riverine lakes. Removing koi carp from riverine lakes may improve water quality and preserve native biodiversity. This study used telemetry to examine the movements and seasonal habitat use of adult koi carp to find key locations to efficiently remove koi carp from the lower Waikato River basin.
Common carp are notoriously difficult to monitor in water temperatures above 20˚C using telemetry due to transmitter expulsion. To prepare for telemetry based field experiments, three tank trials were conducted to determine the most appropriate surgical technique for the implantation and retention of telemetry transmitters in koi carp. To reduce transmitter loss, two methods were initially tested in tank trials including two treatment groups and two control groups of ten adult koi carp. In one treatment, radio transmitters were anchored to the pelvic girdle, and in a second treatment, a polymer coating was applied to acoustic transmitters to reduce tissue irritation. After 365 days, expulsion rates for uncoated acoustic transmitters were 60% (n = 6), coated acoustic transmitters 50% (n = 5), unanchored radio transmitters 60% (n = 6) and anchored radio transmitters 90% (n = 9). Bacterial infection of the wound appears to be the primary mechanism for transmitter expulsion.
To reduce the influence of bacterial infection on transmitter expulsion, a slow-release antibiotic was tested to improve transmitter retention. Dummy acoustic transmitters were implanted in two groups of 20 adult koi carp, an untreated control group, and a group treated with a slow-release, single-dose antibiotic. After 176 days, the rejection rate of control fish (40%, n = 8) was twice that of fish treated with a slow-release antibiotic (20%, n = 4). Although we did not find a statistical difference between test groups, this was likely a function of sample size and we view the results as encouraging, justifying further investigation and use of slow-release antibiotics in koi carp.
Koi carp were monitored on the lower Waikato River using both radio and acoustic telemetry for 18 months. Koi carp migrated throughout the basin and frequently used lateral habitat. At least 74% of fish that were monitored for at least 250 days migrated through the waterways between riverine lakes or wetlands and the Waikato River. Waterways connecting riverine lakes and wetlands to the lower Waikato River are ideal locations to intercept migrating koi carp. Fish released at Lake Whangape occupied a total linear range (TLR) of over 120 km in just 218 days, which represents 71% of the potential in river TLR within the lower Waikato River Basin. Adult koi carp were found to be active year-round, but peak movements occurred during spawning season (October) during both years of the study. With a long-term commitment and thoughtful planning, removing a biologically significant proportion of koi carp biomass from the riverine lakes and wetlands of the lower Waikato River is feasible
The Artisanal fishery in the Sepik-Ramu catchment area, Papua New Guinea
No full textA survey in 25 villages in the Sepik-Ramu basin revealed that fishing was practised in all villages surveyed. The participation in catching fish decreased from 42% of the population of villages situated below 200 m altitude to 23.4% of villages al altitudes above 1,000 111, 111ain(v as a result of the lower involvement in fishing of women and girls at higher altitudes. Females contributed half of the estimated total fish yield of respondents living below 100 m. altitude, and 33% of the annual total yield of the whole catchment, which was estimated at 8,200 tons. At high (>1000 m) and middle altitude (200 - 1000m above sea level) most villages had only access to creeks or small rivers. At low altitudes (<200 m above sea level) most villages surveyed had access to big rivers, swamps or lakes. Average yield/person/trip with various gears and in various waters are reported. Eels Anguilla spp and Cyprinus carpio dominated the catch of respondents living at high altitude levels. At low altitude levels half of/he catch consisted of Oreochromis mossambicus. This species plus C. carpio contributed 42% of the weight of the total catch of the Sepik-Ramu area. The part of the fishing respondents that believed that the exotic species C. carpio and/or O. mossambicus had affected the numbers of native fish species decreased with increasing altitude level. At the high altitude Gobiidae were often mentioned to have decreased in number after the arrival of C. carpio
Boat electrofishing survey of Te Weta Bay, Lake Rotoiti
No full textWe used New Zealand’s first successful electrofishing boat to survey fish in Lake Rotoiti, North Island, New Zealand, principally in Te Weta Bay. The primary objective of the fishing was to see if undesirable fish species such as koi carp (Cyprinus carpio haemaotopterus; Zhou et al. 2003), brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus), and rudd (Scardinius erythophthalmus) have become established. Circular excavations were seen in the lake by a NIWA SCUBA diver in late 2003, and these were similar to nest excavations associated with catfish in other locations.
The native fish common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) and bullies (Gobiomorphus sp) were caught, with a few goldfish(Carassius auratus). Poor water visibility made observations difficult in some parts of the lake, especially on the southern shore and in the outer part of Te Weta Bay closest to the main lake.
Fish densities ranged from 2.3 to 11.7 fish 100 m⁻². These should be regarded as minimal densities because the electroshoked fish were counter from the boat but mostly not retrieved; also, only a single pass was conducted.
No recognised pest fish species were caught, but we cannot exclude the possibility that pest fish might occur at sites that were not fished. No trout were caught, possible because of the high water temperature (22°C)
Hybridization between Native Barbless Carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and Introduced Common Carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake, China
No full textHybridization with introduced fish species is an important threat to native fish species. Here we investigated hybridization between native barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China. A total of 203 individuals of Cyprinus from Xingyun Lake were studied by combination of morphological and genetic analyses. Most individuals were strictly intermediate between the two parental species in morphology, strongly suggesting that extensive hybridization has occurred. Bayesian model-based clustering of the genetic data suggests that there are two distinct genetic groups corresponding to barbless and common carp respectively. Many individuals in the two genetic groups showed intermediate morphology, suggesting that both groups actually contain massively introgressed genes. Only two individuals were identified as barbless carp both morphologically and genetically, hinting that this native species is at risk of genetic extinction in Xingyun Lake.Hybridization with introduced fish species is an important threat to native fish species. Here we investigated hybridization between native barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China. A total of 203 individuals of Cyprinus from Xingyun Lake were studied by combination of morphological and genetic analyses. Most individuals were strictly intermediate between the two parental species in morphology, strongly suggesting that extensive hybridization has occurred. Bayesian model-based clustering of the genetic data suggests that there are two distinct genetic groups corresponding to barbless and common carp respectively. Many individuals in the two genetic groups showed intermediate morphology, suggesting that both groups actually contain massively introgressed genes. Only two individuals were identified as barbless carp both morphologically and genetically, hinting that this native species is at risk of genetic extinction in Xingyun Lake
An investigation of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) movement in the Waikato region using laser ablation otolith microchemistry
No full textThe koi carp Cyprinus carpio is an invasive fish that has reached high numbers and biomass in the North Island of New Zealand, particularly in the Waikato region. This species has a variety of negative effects on aquatic ecosystems, increasing turbidity, uprooting aquatic macrophytes, and affecting water column
nutrient levels. Recent research in Australia and New Zealand has shown that adult carp, though largely restricted to small scale movements, are capable of moving long distances. Movement in adult carp may be underestimated by these studies, and comparatively little is known about the movement of smaller carp. This study examined the feasibility of using laser ablation otolith microchemistry to track koi carp movement and identify spawning areas.
Water samples from six locations (Lake Waahi, Lake Whangape, Lake Waikare, the Whangamarino River, and the Waikato River at Aka Aka and Rangiriri) were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Significant differences between sites were found in the water concentrations of many elements. Koi carp were collected from the above locations, as well as from Opuatia Stream, Pungarehu Stream, the Maramarua River and Lake Hakanoa. The elemental concentrations in the asteriscus otoliths were analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP-MS). Elemental concentrations in the edges and nuclei of adult koi carp and the edges
of young-of-the-year (YOY) koi carp were significantly different between capture sites. No significant differences were found in elemental concentrations between sites in the nuclei of YOY koi carp.
A discriminant function analysis (DFA) was carried out using the otolith edge
elemental signatures of koi carp. The model used Ba, Sr, Mg, Rb and Zn concentrations to differentiate between four capture locations: the Waikato River, Pungarehu Stream, Lake Waahi, and Lake Waikare and Pungarehu Stream. The DFA was able to correctly predict the capture location of 82% of koi carp using their otolith edge elemental signatures.
The classification functions created using koi carp otolith edge signatures were then used as a training set to classify otolith nucleus signatures. The otolith nuclei of 80% of YOY koi carp were classified to their site of capture, suggesting they had not moved between locations. The majority of adult koi carp caught at Lake Waikare, Whangamarino River, Pungarehu Stream and Opuatia Stream had nucleus signatures matching their capture sites, indicating that these fish
originated from their capture location. Koi carp from other sites likely moved there from another location. The majority of adult koi carp (88%) caught at the Waikato River at Rangiriri had otolith nucleus signatures matching Lake Waikare
and Pungarehu Stream. Adult koi carp caught at Lake Waahi and the Waikato River at Aka Aka had otolith signatures corresponding to a range of locations. While some areas (Lake Waikare, Pungarehu Stream) appear to have resident koi
carp populations that likely originated there, others (Lake Waahi, the Waikato River) appear to have koi carp populations of mixed origin. These results indicate that Lake Waikare, Pungarehu Stream and the Whangamarino River may be
important sources of koi carp recruits in the lower Waikato region
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