1,720,965 research outputs found

    Expression of infection-related immune response in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during a natural outbreak from a unique dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum

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    In the Mediterranean area, amyloodiniosis represents a major hindrance for marine aquaculture, causing high mortalities in lagoon-type based rearing sites during warm seasons. Amyloodinium ocellatum (AO) is the most common and important dinoflagellate parasitizing fish, and is one of the few fish parasites that can infest several fish species living within its ecological range. In the present study, A. ocellatum was recorded and collected from infected European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during a summer 2017 outbreak in north east Italy. Histological observation of infected ESB gill samples emphasized the presence of round or pear-shaped trophonts anchored to the oro-pharingeal cavity. Molecular analysis for small subunit (SSU) rDNA of A. ocellatum from gill genomic DNA amplified consistently and yielded 248 bp specific amplicon of A. ocellatum, that was also confirmed using sequencing and NCBI Blast analysis. Histological sections of ESB gill samples were addressed to immunohistochemical procedure for the labelling of ESB igm, inos, tlr2, tlr4, pcna and cytokeratin. Infected gills resulted positive for igm, inos, pcna and cytokeratin but negative to tlr-2 and tlr-4. Furthermore, ESB immune related gene response (innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and stress) in the course of A. ocellatum infection using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for infected gills and head kidney was analysed. Among the twenty three immune related gene molecules tested, cc1, il-8, il-10, hep, cox-2, cla, cat, casp9, and igt were significantly expressed in diseased fish. Altogether, these data on parasite identification and expression of host immune-related genes will allow for a better understanding of immune response in European sea bass against A. ocellatum and could promote the development of effective control measures

    Understanding the Pathogenesis of Red Mark Syndrome in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through an Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach

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    Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a widespread skin disorder of rainbow trout in freshwater aquaculture, believed to be caused by a Midichloria-like organism (MLO). Here, we aimed to study the pathologic mechanisms at the origin of RMS by analyzing field samples from a recent outbreak through gene expression, MLO PCR, quantitative PCR, and a histopathological scoring system proposed for RMS lesions. Statistical analyses included a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test to assess differences among gene expression groups and a nonparametric Spearman correlation between various categories of skin lesions and PCR results. In short, the results confirmed the presence of a high quantity of 16S gene copy numbers of Midichloria-like organisms in diseased skin tissues. However, the number of Midichloria-like organisms detected was not correlated to the degree of severity of skin disease. Midichloria-like organism DNA was found in the spleen and head kidney. The spleen showed pathologic changes mainly of hyperplastic type, reflecting its direct involvement during infection. The most severe skin lesions were characterized by a high level of inflammatory cytokines sustaining and modulating the severe inflammatory process. IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-10, MHC-II, and TCR were upregulated in severe skin lesions, while IL-10 was highly expressed in moderate to severe ones. In the moderate form, the response was driven to produce immunoglobulins, which appeared crucial in controlling the skin disease’s severity. Altogether our results illustrated a complex immune interaction between the host and Midichloria-like organism

    Effetti in vitro di 16 composti di origine vegetale sulla motilità di dinospore di Amyloodinium ocellatum.

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    L’amyloodiniosi, ovvero l’infezione sostenuta dal protozoo ectoparassita Amyloodinium ocellatum, è un serio problema per l’acquacoltura semi-intensiva nel bacino Mediterraneo, specialmente nei mesi più caldi quando si possono registrare tassi di mortalità anche del 100%. Nonostante questa infezione sia responsabile di ingenti perdite produttive, al momento non esistono presidi terapeutici che al contempo siano efficaci e autorizzati dalla legislazione nazionale e europea. Il solfato di rame (composto di prima scelta) e la formaldeide sono utilizzati per il controllo dell’infezione, in quanto efficaci sulle dinospore (stadio infettante), tuttavia essi non sono attualmente registrati in Italia per l’uso farmacologico. Allo scopo di ridurre l’impatto che queste sostanze possono avere sull’ambiente e sulla salute animale, nell’ambito del progetto Horizon2020 ParaFishControl sono previste indagini mirate alla ricerca di terapie eco-sostenibili e attente al benessere animale. In quest’ottica, il nostro gruppo di ricerca sta valutando l’effetto in vitro di un pannello di 16 composti di origine vegetale sulla motilità di dinospore di A. ocellatum. Le dinospore, originatesi in laboratorio da tomonti prelevati da un episodio spontaneo di malattia, sono state contate con camera conta cellule (S50 Sedgewick Rafter Cell, Pyser – SGI), quindi portate alla concentrazione approssimativa di 5200 dinospore/ml in terreno di coltura HBSS/IO2 (1:1). Successivamente, esse sono state seminate in micropiastra da 96 pozzetti (100 μl/pozzetto) in cui precedentemente erano state allestite diluizioni seriali delle 16 sostanze oggetto di studio: 2I,4I – diidrossicalcone; 7 – idrossiflavone; acido rosmarinico; artemisinina; canfora (1R); diallil solfuro; esculetina; eucaliptolo; garlicina 80%; harmalolo idrocloruro diidrato; palmatina cloruro; piperina; resveratrolo; sclareolide; tomatina e umbelliferone. Ciascuna concentrazione di composto (6,25 μg/ml – 50 μg/ml, 100 μl/pozzetto) è stata saggiata in duplicato. Come controllo inibente positivo è stato utilizzato il solfato di rame (0,25 – 1 μg/ml), mentre il controllo negativo consisteva in dinospore incubate in solo terreno di coltura. Mediante camera per sedimenti urinari (Vacutest Kima precision cell) sono state osservate al microscopio ottico aliquote (50μl/pozzetto) prelevate dalla piastra dopo 1, 6 e 24 ore di incubazione a temperatura ambiente, al fine di contare le dinospore non motili. Quindi è stata calcolata la percentuale di dinospore ancora natanti per ciascuna concentrazione di composto e ai diversi tempi di incubazione. Fra le sostanze saggiate, la tomatina e il 2I,4I – diidrossicalcone hanno ridotto notevolmente e con effetto dose-dipendente il moto delle dinospore. Per questo motivo i due composti sono stati ulteriormente saggiati in un range più ampio di concentrazioni (0,39 – 50 μg/ml). La tomatina è risultata in grado di arrestare la motilità del 100% sin dalla prima ora di incubazione fino alla concentrazione di 6,25 μg/ml. Invece, alle concentrazioni minori (0,39 – 3,13 μg/ml) più dell’80% dei protozoi era attivo anche dopo 24 ore di incubazione. Il flavonoide 2I,4I – diidrossicalcone si è rivelato inibitore solo alle concentrazioni più elevate (50 e 25 μg/ml) nella prima ora d’incubazione, mentre la sua efficacia è risultata limitata a concentrazioni ≤ 12,5 μg/ml e in generale dopo 6 ore di incubazione. Le altre sostanze non hanno avuto alcun effetto rilevante sulla motilità dei protozoi, mentre il solfato di rame si è dimostrato efficace alla concentrazione di 1 μg/ml nelle prime ore di incubazione. Ulteriori studi in vitro sono necessari per approfondire le conoscenze sull’attività di queste molecole e per selezionare in vivo dosi di tomatina e 2I,4I – diidrossicalcone non tossiche per i pesci

    Efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Lactococcus garvieae vaccine in farmed grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)

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    Lactococcosis [Lactococcus garvieae (LG)] is one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases affecting grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) aquaculture. Therefore, the present research evaluated the efficacy of formalin-killed LG vaccine with an oil-based adjuvant in grey mullet under laboratory and field trials. The laboratory evaluation for LG vaccine and its cross-protection upon challenge in grey mullet found that single-dose immunization of formalin-killed LG with adjuvant resulted in 91.4% and 100% relative per cent survival (RPS) when challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. The levels of specific antibody titre and lysozyme activity increased significantly in the vaccinated group. Immune gene expression at 24 hr after challenge showed an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A parallel field trial experiment was conducted to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the LG vaccine. Results demonstrated that at one month and three months post-immunization with heterologous strain, 100% RPS was recorded in the vaccinated group. The findings suggested that the formalin-inactivated LG vaccine strain (S3) protected grey mullet against LG infection for a period of three months

    IMMUNE-GENES EXPRESSION ANALYSIS DURING TIME COURSE AND RECOVERY PROCESS INDICATES THE MECHANISM FOR INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND REPAIR AFTER AMYLOODINIOSISIN EUROPEAN SEA BASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX)

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    Currently, there are no effective preventive measures to control Amyloodinium ocellatum(AO) dinospores/trophonts infection in Europeansea bass (ESB). A vaccine against AO is not available because specific immunogenic antigens have not been identified yet. Moreover, there is a lack of information about basic molecular mechanisms of host immune responses following AO infection.In order to investigate the innate immune response and repair mechanism during the recovery from amyloodiniosis, 26 ESB (mean weight 14g) per tank in triplicate were bath challenged for 2h with AO (3.5×106/tank; 70 dinospores/ml) under controlled conditions (26-28°Cand 34‰ salinity). As a control group (non-infected), 26 ESB per tank in triplicate were also used. The time-course of infection was determined by fresh microscopical examination of gills and histopathological evaluations. After 2 hour, fish were already infected, and at 2 days post infection (dpi) the AO trophonts burden was discrete with light clinical symptoms. During the infection, the maximum AO burden was observed at 10-12 dpi, thereafter fish started to recover even if positive to amyloodiniosis. Throughout this period the total mortality was 18 %. In control group, fish were not infected and no mortality was registered. Expression changes of innate immune genes in gills and head kidney at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 23 dpi were analysed using real-time PCR. Theresults indicated that the expression of cytokines (CC1, IL-8) and antimicrobial peptide (Hep) were strongly stimulatedand reached the peak at 5 dpi in the early infection stage, followed by a gradual reduction in the recovery stage (23 dpi), during which the levels were even lower at 23 dpi. Noticeably, the immunoglobulin (IgM) expressions were higher at 23 dpi compared to 7 dpi. These results indicated the strong correlation between igm, hepcidin and chemokine expression level. The hepcidin and chemokine CC1 might play a role in the inflammatory response during early and recovery stages. Altogether, our observations represent the first step towards understanding the molecular mechanism of theamyloodiniosispathogenesisin European sea bass

    Transcriptome analysis of amyloodinium ocellatum tomonts revealed basic information on the major potential virulence factors

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    The ectoparasite protozoan Amyloodinium ocellatum (AO) is the etiological agent of amyloodiniosis in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (ESB). There is a lack of information about basic molecular data on AO biology and its interaction with the host. Therefore, de novo transcriptome sequencing of AO tomonts was performed. AO trophonts were detached from infested ESB gills, and quickly becoming early tomonts were purified by Percoll® density gradient. Tomont total RNA was processed and quality was assessed immediately. cDNA libraries were constructed using TruSeq® Stranded mRNA kit and sequenced using Illumina sequencer. CLC assembly was used to generate the Transcriptome assembly of AO tomonts. Out of 48,188 contigs, 56.12% belong to dinophyceae wherein Symbiodinium microadriaticum had 94.61% similarity among dinophyceae. Functional annotations of contigs indicated that 12,677 had associated GO term, 9005 with KEGG term. The contigs belonging to dinophyceae resulted in the detection of several peptidases. A BLAST search for known virulent factors from the virulence database resulted in hits to Rab proteins, AP120, Ribosomal phosphoprotein, Heat-shock protein70, Casein kinases, Plasmepsin IV, and Brucipain. Hsp70 and casein kinase II alpha were characterized in-silico. Altogether, these results provide a reference database in understanding AO molecular biology, aiding to the development of novel diagnostics and future vaccines

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    PARAMETRI IMMUNITARI DELLA TROTA IRIDEA (O. MYKISS) QUALI INDICATORI DI RESISTENZA GENETICA ALLA LATTOCOCCOSI

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    Le strategie mirate al controllo delle malattie batteriche nei pesci prevedono l’utilizzo di vaccini autologhi o commerciali e l’eventuale trattamento terapeutico. Tuttavia, la vaccinazione spesso non viene effettuata in quanto troppo costosa o per la ridotta efficacia che gli allevatori attribuiscono ai vaccini disponibili. Dall’altro lato, l’utilizzo di antibiotici è ampiamente criticato in quanto determina la dispersione di residui chimici nell’ambiente, con conseguente rischio di insorgenza di ceppi antibiotico resistenti. Risulta pertanto utile ricercare forme alternative e/o complementari di controllo delle malattie, tra cui l’individuazione di fattori genetici intrinseci che consentano di selezionare ceppi di pesci resistenti.Il presente studio illustra i risultati ottenuti nel corso di un'infezione sperimentale sub-clinica per immersione con Lactococcus garvieaein gruppi di trote iridee selezionate su base genetica come resistenti e suscettibili alla malattia in esame. L’intento era quello di analizzare il profilo di alcuni parametri di immunità innata e adattativa ritenuti rilevanti per definire le attitudini difensive (Magnadottir, 2010; Das & Sahoo, 2014) dei due stock ittici, sia in condizioni normali (pre-challenge) sia in seguito ad uno stimolo di tipo infettivo prodotto dall’interazione con un batterio patogeno per la specie stessa.La condizione immunologica di un organismo può suggerire, infatti, la presenza di specifici tratti genetici che lo rendono resistente nei confronti di un agente biologico. Con questa finalità 26 soggetti resistenti e 26 suscettibili sono stati sottoposti a challenge come descritto nell’abstract presentato da Colussi et al., (Convegno SIPI 2018). Nell’ambito dello stesso protocollo sperimentale 10 soggetti resistenti e 10 suscettibili sono stati utilizzati come controllo negativo. I prelievi di campioni biologici (siero, sangue, muco, rene anteriore) condotti al temine del challenge nei soggetti di controllo (suscettibili e resistenti) e nei soggetti infettati (suscettibili e resistenti) sono stati analizzati avvalendosi di metodiche immunologiche classiche (attività del lisozima in siero e muco; leucogramma in sangue; burst ossidativo dei leucociti in rene anteriore; livello di IgM specifiche per L. garvieae in siero) e mediante uno studio di espressione genica nel rene anteriore con qPCR (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-8, IgT, Tlr5, β-actin, IL-6, IgM, MHC-I, MHC-II, TCR-β).Considerando i meccanismi di risposta aspecifica, l’attività del lisozima nel siero e nel muco è risultata piùelevata nei soggetti appartenenti allo stock ittico resistente rispetto a quello suscettibile, già in fase di pre-infezione, e tale attività è incrementata in modo significativo in entrambi gli stock genetici in seguito all’esposizione a L. garvieae.Per quanto riguarda la risposta cellulare, l’attività di burst ossidativo dei leucociti è risultata maggiore nei soggetti resistenti rispetto a quelli suscettibili, soprattutto in fase di pre-infezione. Inoltre, è stata rilevata una maggiore espressione di IL-1βeIL-10 nei soggetti suscettibili sottoposti ad infezione, rispetto alle trote resistenti sottoposte allo stesso trattamento. Nella presente ricerca entrambi i gruppi sperimentali (suscettibile e resistente) hanno mostrato un livello elevato di IgM reattive nei confronti di L. garvieae,ma ulteriori indagini al riguardo sono necessarie per chiarire il possibile impiego di questo parametro per la selezione di stock di trota iridea resistenti alle malattie.Nei soggetti resistenti l’infezione ha stimolato una maggiore espressione dei geni codificanti per IgM e MHC-II rispetto a quanto osservato nei soggetti suscettibili, suggerendo l’attivazione di meccanismi quali la presentazione dell’antigene e la sintesi di anticorpi utili alla protezione delle trota dal patogeno L. garvieae.Sulla base di queste osservazioni preliminari emergono spunti interessanti per proseguire lo studio immunologico di diverse linee genetiche di trota iridea, finalizzato allo screening di popolazioni resistenti da dedicare all’allevamento intensivo in contesti ambientali suscettibili alla lattococcosi

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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