178,977 research outputs found
Spatial biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants in Iran : a study using locally produced butter.
No full textButter is a readily collected, integrative and inexpensive sampling matrix for the spatial mapping of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at the national or regional scale. As air-plant-animal transfers generally supply the POPs reaching butter lipid, this study used butter for an initial evaluation of the occurrence, levels and distribution of POPs (selected organochlorine pesticides and PCBs) in Iran, a country for which very little information on usage, emissions and environmental burdens of these compounds exists. Fifty samples from rural and urban areas, in the north, west and central regions of the country were collected from local farms in spring 2007. Concentrations of p,p-DDT and p,p-DDE varied widely by a factor of 1000 and 370 (8450 pg g-1 lipid and 46800 pg g-1 lipid on average). The highest levels, found mainly in urban areas in the centre of the country, were amongst the highest reported in the world. PCB concentrations (4320 pg g-1 lipid on average) varied by a factor of 160 and were highest close to urban centres and lowest in the rural northwest. Although Iran is not known for widespread PCB usage in the past, concentrations were higher than a global average reported in a butter survey in 2001. This simple sampling approach could be adopted in other regions where cows graze, as part of an initial screening to help meet obligations under the Stockholm Convention
DOES THE REDUCTION IN PEANUT PRICES BENEFIT PEANUT BUTTER CONSUMERS?
No full textUsing monthly data, we find evidence of both short- and long-run asymmetry of price transmission from peanut to peanut butter prices. This suggests that the asymmetry is more likely a result of imperfect competition than of competitive profit maximizing inventory management. Effects of producer support policy changes are discussed.Consumer/Household Economics,
THE DEMAND FOR BUTTER, MARGARINE, AND OILS: A NONPARAMETRIC TEST FOR EVIDENCE OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine whether structural change in the demand for butter, margarine, and salad and cooking oils occurred between 1967 and 1986. A nonparametric method, which does not require that a functional form be imposed on the data, was used to test for violations from stable, well-behaved preferences. Violations were found, but they were small in magnitude. Therefore, the results failed to show strong evidence that consumption patterns for butter, margarine, and oils were inconsistent with stable preferences.Demand and Price Analysis,
Sweet butter.
No full textGift of Dr. Mary Jane Esplen.By the author of "Yes! We have no bananas" [note]Piano vocal [instrumentation]Right near the drugstore on our street there is a restaurant [first line]Sweet butter sweet butter sweet butter on my toast [first line of chorus]C major [key]Moderato [tempo]Popular song [form/genre]Man, butter dish; photo: Dell Lampe and his orchestra [illustration]Starmer [engraver]Publisher's advertisement on back cover [note
AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF U.S. IMPORTS OF BUTTER AND MILK FAT PRODUCTS
No full textThis study developed a model to explain monthly imports of butter and butter substitutes. The U.S. imports butter and other high milk fat products that can substitute for a strict definition of butter. These products include dairy spreads, butter substitutes, anhydrous milk fat, and food preparations. The U.S. imports these high milk fat products under a tariff-rate quota system (TRQ) implemented by the World Trade Organization (WTO). This study quantified all the milk fat contained in U.S. butter and butter substitute imports. A conceptual model was developed to explain imports of these products under a TRQ system. And an econometric model was estimated to analyze the economic factors that drive over-quota imports. The model found that the wedge between U.S. and world butter prices explains much of the incentive to import overquota butter and butter substitutes.International Relations/Trade,
The Enzymes of Butter
No full textUniversity of Minnesota Masters thesis. June 1916. 1 computer file (PDF); 16 pages.Dahlberg, Arthur C.. (1916). The Enzymes of Butter. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/179269
The peptide motif of the single dominantly expressed class I molecule of the chicken MHC can explain the response to a molecular defined vaccine of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)
No full textIn contrast to typical mammals, the chicken MHC (the BF-BL region of the B locus) has strong genetic associations with resistance and susceptibility to infectious pathogens as well as responses to vaccines. We have shown that the chicken MHC encodes a single dominantly expressed class I molecule whose peptide-binding motifs can determine resistance to viral pathogens, such as Rous sarcoma virus and Marek’s disease virus. In this report, we examine the response to a molecular defined vaccine, fp-IBD1, which consists of a fowlpox virus vector carrying the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) fused with ?-galactosidase. We vaccinated parental lines and two backcross families with fp-IBD1, challenged with the virulent IBDV strain F52/70, and measured damage to the bursa. We found that the MHC haplotype B15 from line 15I confers no protection, whereas B2 from line 61 and B12 from line C determine protection, although another locus from line 61 was also important. Using our peptide motifs, we found that many more peptides from VP2 were predicted to bind to the dominantly expressed class I molecule BF2*1201 than BF2*1501. Moreover, most of the peptides predicted to bind BF2*1201 did in fact bind, while none bound BF2*1501. Using peptide vaccination, we identified one B12 peptide that conferred protection to challenge, as assessed by bursal damage and viremia. Thus, we show the strong genetic association of the chicken MHC to a T cell vaccine can be explained by peptide presentation by the single dominantly expressed class I molecule
Quality control of butter by means of capillary column RTX 65-TG
No full textIn this paper a new analytical method for the detection of extraneous fats fraudulently added to butter is proposed. Such determination is carried out by gas chromatographic analysis of butter triglycerides, using a capillary column for triglycerides having 65% phenyl methyl silicone as stationary phase. During the last twenty years, different methods for evaluation of butter genuineness were proposed. The presence of vegetable oils mixed with butter is based on sterol analysis; the revelation of vegetable sterols in butter represents a clear evidence of fraud. The Official EU method for detection of animal fats in butter, as lard and tallow, is time consuming, it often brings to not easily reproducible results and it is not of great accuracy especially in the cases of small additions of extraneous fats. The method proposed in this paper allows to detect the presence of extraneous vegetable and animal fats in a simple, rapid, and precise way, even if the quantities added to butter are minimum. The analysis is based on the best resolution, actually achievable, of single triglyceride components and their comparison with those present in certainly genuine butters, taken as reference
Determination of free fatty acids and volatile compounds of butter oil produced from pasteurized and unpasteurized butter at different temperatures
No full textIn this study, the effects of different raw materials, different processing temperatures, and storage temperatures on some properties of butter oil were investigated. Two different kinds of butter were produced from cream containing 40% milk fat. Both butter samples were processed into butter oil at three different temperatures (60, 90, and 120°C). Butter and butter oil samples were stored at +4°C and analyses were performed at 0, 30, and 60 days of storage. There are no significant differences between the atherogenicity index and the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition of butter and butter oil samples. Free fatty acid values of all samples increased during storage. Also, in all three storage periods, it was determined that free fatty acids were higher in butter samples than in butter oil samples. During storage, saturated and unsaturated free fatty acid values are generally higher in butter oil processed at 60°C than in butter oil processed at 90°C and 120°C. In total, 40 volatile compounds were detected, which included 8 ketones, each of 6 aldehydes, alcohols, acids, and hydrocarbons, 5 terpenes, and 3 esters in butter and butter oil samples. Aldehydes and ketones were generally highest in butter oil processed at 120°C
Improving the Quality of Women’s Gold in Mali, West Africa: The Case of Shea
No full textThe collection, primary processing, and subsequent sale of shea-based products make an important contribution to rural women’s cash income in many of Mali’s shea producing areas. Internationally, shea has recently become popular in high-valued cosmetics thanks to its therapeutic properties— a deviation away from its historic use as a cheap cocoa-butter substitute. For these reasons, international development actors have targeted the Malian shea value chain as part of their private-sector-development and rural-poverty-alleviation programs and strategies. Information asymmetry in the production and marketing of shea has led to a “Market for Lemons” scenario much like that described by Akerlof (1970), thereby compromising the subsector’s potential to serve as a powerful source of rural income growth and poverty alleviation. A combination of tools is used to describe the Malian shea value chain, including the “Structure, Conduct, Performance” framework borrowed from the industrial organization literature and the “Subsector Studies” approach popular in current export-led international development strategies. Analogies from subsectors historically plagued by adverse selection and moral hazard are used to identify potential leverage points and intervention strategies for stakeholders to help improve shea quality and returns to primary producers. The analysis suggests the Malian government has the potential to play an important role in this process as a coordinating body and channel captain, with donors and private enterprises playing complementary roles.Information asymmetry, karité, Mali, rural development, shea, women’s income, Agribusiness, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Development, Marketing, Q13, Q23, L15, L24, 013, O17,
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