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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Prawa mniejszości etnicznych w nauczaniu papieży. Zarys problemu prawnego
No full textIn the history of the struggle of the North American Indigenous people for the respect of their rights, the Catholic Church has always been portrayed as the one who most contributed to the violation of the fundamental rights of them, including the right to dignity and self-determination. The attitude of the governments of colonial states or the newly founded Canadian state or the United States or other Christian denominations, which supported the policy of assimilation, displacement and marginalization of the ethnic population, is almost completely ignored. In the widely held discussions in Canada and the United States, the voice of the Catholic Church which defended the indigenous people of the American continent is completely forgotten. The words of subsequent popes who demanded respect for the rights of the indigenous people, and they cut off from the policy of dehumanization are ignored, or even negated. Therefore, it is worth recalling that from the very beginning the Catholic Church, through its superior as the Pope, protested against the violation of the rights of indigenous people of North America and firmly cut off from any actions of state power aimed at assimilation of this population. In fact, it is thanks to the work of missionaries who, with the support of the Holy See, have preserved the culture, language or tradition of the Indigenous people in North America. This article reminds the forgotten voice of the popes in defense of the rights of the North American Ethnic People.W historii walki ludności etnicznej Ameryki Północnej o poszanowanie praw Kościół katolicki był zawsze przestawiany jako ten podmiot, który najbardziej przyczynił się do naruszenia podstawowych praw tej ludności, w tym prawa do godności i samostanowienia. Niemal całkowicie pomija się postawę rządów państw kolonialnych czy nowo powstałego państwa kanadyjskiego, Stanów Zjednoczonych, a także innych wyznań chrześcijańskich, które wspierały politykę asymilacji, wysiedlenia i marginalizacji ludności etnicznej. W szeroko prowadzonej dyskusji w Kanadzie i Stanach Zjednoczonych głos Kościoła katolickiego, który stanął w obronie rdzennych mieszkańców kontynentu amerykańskiego, jest całkowicie zapomniany. Słowa kolejnych papieży upominających się o poszanowanie praw ludności etnicznej, odcinających się od polityki dehumanizacji są ignorowane, a wręcz negowane. Dlatego warto przypomnieć, że od samego początku Kościół katolicki poprzez swojego zwierzchnika, jakim jest papież, protestował przeciwko naruszeniu praw rdzennej ludności Ameryki Północnej i stanowczo odcinał się od wszelkich działań władzy państwowej zmierzającej do asymilacji tej ludności. W rzeczywistości to dzięki pracy misjonarzy, mających poparcie Stolicy Apostolskiej, zachowała się kultura, język czy tradycja ludności indiańskiej na tym kontynencie. Niniejszy artykuł przypomina zapomniany głos papieży w obronie praw ludności etnicznej Ameryki Północnej
Las normas jurídicas de la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos sobre inteligencia artificial y derechos humanos
No full textIn the contemporary era, artificial intelligence has become an integral component of our daily lives, permeating various facets of societal functioning with increasing prevalence. Given its pervasive presence in our lives, it is inevitable that AI exerts an influence on us, giving rise to the question of whether there is a nexus between AI and human rights. It is important to note that an algorithm created by an AI machine is devoid of feelings, emotions or prejudices. This may be indicative of a fundamental limitation of artificial intelligence as a tool in itself, constrained by the capabilities and capacities of technology, and thus incapable of perceiving and analyzing in the manner of the human mind. It is imperative that artificial intelligence is designed to be completely impartial and solely analyses the data entrusted to it for processing. Moreover, it should be capable of learning from its mistakes and being free of the emotions associated with human relationships. Conversely, it is as flawed as the human being behind its creation. In the contemporary era, there is an ongoing endeavor on the part of various nations to subjugate the domain of artificial intelligence to the provisions of a legal framework. There are three broad models for regulating AI: the first is based on regulations of the legal sector; the second is based on guidelines of inter-administrative organizations; and the third is based on legal solutions on other similar issues. The United States and the European Union have been at the vanguard of AI regulation, with each adopting different variants. The present publication sets out to compare EU and US legislation in the context of the matrix that served to create it, and to determine whether it regulates human rights. The issue of the rights of ethnic minorities is taken as a test case for this purpose.
Recieved: 16 March 2025 Accepted: 07 June 2025En la era contemporánea, la inteligencia artificial se ha convertido en un componente integral de nuestra vida cotidiana, impregnando diversas facetas del funcionamiento de la sociedad con una prevalencia cada vez mayor. Dada su omnipresencia en nuestras vidas, es inevitable que la IA ejerza una influencia sobre nosotros, lo que plantea la cuestión de si existe un nexo entre la IA y los derechos humanos. Es importante señalar que un algoritmo creado por una máquina de IA carece de sentimientos, emociones o prejuicios. Esto puede ser indicativo de una limitación fundamental de la inteligencia artificial como herramienta en sí misma, constreñida por las capacidades y posibilidades de la tecnología y, por tanto, incapaz de percibir y analizar a la manera de la mente humana. Es imperativo que la inteligencia artificial esté diseñada para ser completamente imparcial y analizar únicamente los datos que se le confían para su procesamiento. Además, debe ser capaz de aprender de sus errores y estar libre de las emociones asociadas a las relaciones humanas. Por el contrario, es tan imperfecta como el ser humano que está detrás de su creación. En la era contemporánea, varias naciones se esfuerzan por someter el ámbito de la inteligencia artificial a las disposiciones de un marco jurídico. Existen tres grandes modelos de regulación de la IA: el primero se basa en normativas del sector jurídico; el segundo, en directrices de organizaciones interadministrativas; y el tercero, en soluciones jurídicas sobre otras cuestiones similares. Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea han estado a la vanguardia de la regulación de la IA, adoptando cada uno diferentes variantes. La presente publicación se propone comparar la legislación de la UE y de EE. UU. en el contexto de la matriz que sirvió para crearla, y determinar si regula los derechos humanos. Para ello, se toma como caso de prueba la cuestión de los derechos de las minorías étnicas.
Recibido: 16 marzo 2025 Aceptado: 07 junio 202
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
THE POWER OF STATE, THE RIGHT OF PARENTS, THE RIGHT OF THE CHILD – THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AS THE RIGHT TO POSSESS CONTROL
No full textWhy does the state have power in the area of education over parents’ wishes? The first reason has already been explained above: these are financial and economic aspects. The second reason is of historical nature. The state has controlled education in general historically. When in the 19th century the idea of public schools was created, the state sponsored such schools. Private schools were in a good condition, since they had their own sponsors or proceeds from pupils’ tuitions. When they lost their self-sustainability, they had to request the state for some support. And, as mentioned above, the state had its interest in controlling the educational system, because it wanted to influence the upbringing process of its citizens and create an ideology, which would help to achieve the government’s goal
Dyskryminacja w dostępie do pracy ze względu na wiek – osoba starsza w pracy
No full textDiscrimination in access to work due to age – an elderly person at work. Discrimination due to age is called the English term ageism. This concept is defined as a set of phenomena related to stereotyping and discrimination of people due to their age. Ageism means a set of beliefs, prejudices and stereotypes based on the biological diversity of people that relate to the competences and needs of people depending on their age. Ageism manifests itself particularly in the area of labor law as: age discrimination in the recruitment process, discrimination in access to training in employment, dismissal after reaching retirement age, encouraging discrimination in the workplace, harassment of older people in the workplace, a period of protection in the labor market as a barrier to employment. Ageism is thus a social phenomenon defined legally and recognized on a legal basis as an event subjected to a negative assessment. This article is an attempt to analyze the phenomenon of discrimination in access to work due to age
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The legal status and perspectives of ethnic minorities in European states ::the nationality gambit /
No full text"The Legal Status and Perspectives of Ethnic Minorities in European States explores the new definition of the nation-state in the context of an internally conflicted European society through a concept of ethnic law as the right of ethnic minorities, creating their legal and ethnic identity"-
Indigenous Peoples’ Identity vs. State’s Right to Integrity: An Asia Overview
Full text linkIndigenous and tribal people groups number around 370 million people living in 70 different countries. Indigenous inhabitants are usually understood as maintaining an identity in relation to a specific territory, and tribal peoples who may share indigenous characteristics are often people forcibly resettled from another territory yet maintaining their tribal social structure. Whenever the topic of indigenous peoples’ rights is encountered in international fora, it invariably opens a discussion on state’s internal instability; and particularly, the issues of self-determination and the right to identity typically raises fears on the part of states. It is therefore worth investigating the right to identity in the context of guaranteeing state integrity. If identity is defined as the right to be someone non-identical to state citizenship, and, at the same time, as a right to be united with someone else who is in the same position, the question arises whether a legal claim might be lodged regarding one’s collective ‘independence’ of state determinations. Before any resolution to this dilemma can be proposed, however, the two conceptual sources of the potential conflict should be defined — the state and indigenous people, and next, the right to identity oneself. This topic is widely discussed by scholars and politicians in North America, but much less in Asia. This article examines issues around the definition of indigenous people as well as their role and position in a given state framework; it also attends to the problematic issue of the parameters of the state’s own identity — specifically in relation to the Asia regions
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