616 research outputs found
Pollen dispersal patterns differ among sites for a wind-pollinated species and an insect-pollinated species
No full textMATERIALS AND METHODS
We assessed pollen dispersal patterns of A. tuberculatus at one roof and one ground site in 2014 and of both A. tuberculatus and S. lycopersicum at two roof and two ground sites in 2015. Because methods and results were similar between the two years, and the 2015 study was more comprehensive, only methods and results for 2015 are presented here. A summary of the results from 2014 can be found in Appendix S1 (see the Supplementary Data with this article) and the results from the 2014 analysis can be found in Appendix S2.
Study species –
Amaranthus tuberculatus was chosen as the wind-pollinated species because amaranths grow well in urban areas (Del Tredici, 2010; Aloisio et al., 2016), it is dioecious (Hager et al., 1997), and there have been no individuals reported in the counties where our study sites were located (Moore et al., 2012; USDA NRCS, 2017). Seeds from both an Iowa, USA population (Hinz and Owen, 1997) and a Mississippi, USA population (Nandula et al., 2013) of A. tuberculatus were used in the 2014 experiment. In the 2015 experiment, only plants from the Iowa population were used due to low germination in the Mississippi population seeds.
We chose S. lycopersicum as the insect-pollinated species because members of the Solanaceae grow well in urban environments (Del Tredici, 2010). S. lycopersicum is most commonly buzz-pollinated (Buckmann and Hurley, 1978) by bee species (e.g. bumble bees, sweat bees; Teppner, 2005), although bees that do not buzz pollinate (e.g. honey bees), have been shown to chew through the anther cone to obtain pollen (Deprá et al., 2014). Furthermore, although S. lycopersicum typically self-fertilizes, the NC4 S. lycopersicum breeding line (Panthee and Gardner, 2013) produces male-sterile and male-fertile offspring. Also, the ms-10 male-sterility gene is tightly-linked to the aa gene for stem color, with 90% of male-sterile plants having green stems and 90% of male-fertile plants having purple stems. As a result, we were able to separate most male-sterile and male-fertile plants prior to the onset of flowering and pollen production.
Greenhouse methods –
Seeds were germinated and seedlings were grown in a greenhouse at the Louis Calder Center (Fordham University) field station in Armonk, New York, USA during the spring of 2015 ((S. lycopersicum – April/May; A. tuberculatus – May/June), following Butcher et al. (2020). Briefly, seeds were germinated in 53 x 28 x 5 cm (l x w x d) potting trays (Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA) containing Sungro Sunshine Soil-mix 4 (Sungro Horticulture, Agawam, Massachusetts, USA) supplemented with Osmocote 14-14-14 fertilizer (Scotts Miracle-Gro, Marysville, Ohio, USA). Trays were bottom-watered every other day with well water until the soil was saturated. Seedlings were transplanted to 10-cm dia (0.57 L) pots (Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA) when all seedlings had reached 5 to 10 cm tall (measured from soil to apical meristem). Seedlings were grown in Sungro Sunshine Soil-mix 4, and watered to throughflow with well water every other day. Before onset of flowering, S. lycopersicum were separated into pollen receptors and donors based on stem color. Prior to placing the plants at study sites, pollen receptors and donors of both species were confirmed by flower morphology, inflorescences were removed to exclude seeds or fruits produced as a result of pollination in the greenhouse, and plants were transplanted to 11.4 L pots (Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA) with Sungro Sunshine Soil-mix 4 (Sungro Horticulture, Agawam, Massachusetts, USA). These plants served as the parent plants in the study. We collected leaf tissue (1-2 young leaves) from each plant for genotyping.
Study sites –
Parent plants were placed in experimental arrays at four sites in the New York metropolitan area, which is located in the northeast USA: 1) Fordham University’s Rose Hill Campus (Rose Hill) in Bronx, New York, USA, 2) the Javits Convention Center (Javits) in New York, New York, USA, 3) Fordham University’s Louis Calder Center (Calder) in Armonk, New York, USA and 4) the Queens Zoo (Queens Zoo) in Corona, New York, USA (Fig. 1). At each site, 12 pollen donor plants of each species (i.e. male A. tuberculatus plants and male-fertile S. lycopersicum plants) were placed in the main sector of each site (pollen donor group; Fig. 2). A. tuberculatus and S. lycopersicum pollen receptor plants were also placed in the main sector, in groups of two, by species, starting at 1 m and at then at increasing distances from the pollen donor group (Table 1; Fig. 2). Additionally, A. tuberculatus and S. lycopersicum pollen receptor plants were placed in groups of two, by species, in up to three nearby non-contiguous sectors. The number of pollen receptor plants, the maximum distance between the pollen donor group and pollen receptor plants, and the number of non-contiguous sectors depended on the species, as well as the layout of each site (Table 1). The experimental array layouts for both species at the Rose Hill site are shown in Fig. 3 as representative of the layout of arrays at one site.
At the Rose Hill site, a college campus, the main sector and one of the non-contiguous sectors were located on two separate portions of the roof of a campus building, while the second non-contiguous sector was located on the roof of Rose Hill’s parking garage (Fig. 2A). The third non-contiguous sector was a ground-level garden site at the New York Botanical Garden (Fig. 2A). Surrounding areas at the Rose Hill site included urban lawn areas and additional buildings of Fordham’s Rose Hill campus, the New York Botanical Garden, and residential and commercial spaces. At the Javits site, a large commercial building, the main and non-contiguous sectors were located on two separate portions of the Javits Center’s Sedum-dominated green roof (Fig. 2B). The Javits site was surrounded by the Hudson River, the West Side (Rail) Yard, and residential and commercial spaces. At the Calder site, the main sector and one of the non-contiguous sectors were located in suburban lawns which were regularly mowed, while the second non-contiguous sector was located in an unmowed meadow (Fig. 2C). Surrounding areas at the Calder site included forested regions within and adjacent to the Calder Center and suburban residential spaces. Finally, at the Queens Zoo site, a zoological garden, the main sector and one of the non-contiguous sectors were located in urban lawns that were mowed frequently, while the second non-contiguous sector was located in an unmowed meadow (Fig. 2D). The Queens Zoo site was surrounded by urban green spaces (e.g. lawns, gardens) located within the Queens Zoo and residential and commercial spaces.
Field methods –
Site configuration was chosen assuming that pollen would dispersal evenly in all directions (i.e. isotropic dispersal) because the exponential distribution, which is the relationship we assumed during our statistical analyses, assumes isotropy (Austerlitz and Smouse, 2001). Thus, the design did not include pollen receptor plants at matching distances in each direction.
Because S. lycopersicum plants required vertical support, they were staked with 0.91 m Bond bamboo stakes (Home Depot, Atlanta, Georgia, USA). Further, because Calder had a sizable white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population, the parent plants of both species were caged with 137 cm tall Gilbert and Bennett tomato cages wrapped with 2.54 cm weave Everbilt poultry netting (Home Depot) to minimize herbivory. Pollen dispersal studies have used poultry netting to allow insect pollinator visits, but exclude herbivores or large pollinators (e.g. Price and Waser, 1979; Richards, 2000; Epps et al., 2015). Further, Wratten et al. (2003) found that fencing did not act as a barrier to hover flies, which are similar in size to the buzz-pollinating bee species that most frequently pollinate S. lycopersicum (e.g. bumble bees, sweat bees; Teppner, 2005). Flannery et al. (2004) also used poultry netting in a study of pollen dispersal in Brassica napus, which is both wind and insect-pollinated, suggesting that this herbivore barrier does not impede wind-dispersed pollen dispersal. Therefore, we assumed that the poultry netting would not impede pollen dispersal in our study.
The GPS coordinates for the pollen donor group and each pair of pollen receptor plants were collected and the straight-line distance between each pair and the donor group was calculated using the measure tool in ArcMap version 10.3 (ESRI, 2014). The calculated distance was then used as the effective pollen dispersal distance. Additionally, we estimated percent vegetation cover and percent impervious surface for a 350 m radius buffer around each site in Google Earth Pro 7.3.3.7699 (Google, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA) using the circle and polygon tools (Johnson et al., 2018).
The experimental arrays were maintained for eight weeks during the summer of 2015 (S. lycopersicum – June 15 through August 3; A. tuberculatus – July 15 through September 9). Plants were watered with untreated tap water three times per week to flow-through and allowed to pollinate naturally. During week 2, plants were watered to through-flow with 5 cm3 per 3.8 L tap water mixture of Miracle Grow Bloom Booster 10N-52P-10K (Scotts Miracle-Gro, Marysville, Ohio, USA) to promote flowering. Three of the 66 A. tuberculatus pollen receptor plants (one from Rose Hill, two from Queens Zoo) and two of the 94 S. lycopersicum pollen receptor plants (both from Queens Zoo) died or sustained damage to a degree that would impede pollen receipt, so they were removed from the array and analyses.
At the end of the study, A. tuberculatus seeds were collected en masse and stored in 5.72 x 8.89 cm coin envelopes at room temperature (~ 24°C) until germination. S. lycopersium fruits were collected as they ripened, to minimize the effects of frugivory on estimates of pollination. S. lycopersicum seeds were then removed from fruits and placed on 125 mm diameter, grade 1 Whatman cards (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA), and dried and stored at room temperature (~ 24°C) until germination. Parthenocarpic S. lycopersicum fruits were excluded from the total fruit count as these fruits were not produced as the result of a fertilization event. The total number of seeds (A. tuberculatus) or fruits (S. lycopersicum) produced per pollen receptor plant served as the proxy of effective pollen dispersal (i.e. successful pollination and gene flow). This proxy for effective pollen dispersal has been used in several studies (e.g. Sahley, 2001; Albrecht et al., 2009; Collevatti et al., 2010; Baldoni et al., 2017; Young et al., 2018). Additionally, although pollen dispersal has not been investigated in S. lycopersicum, seed production as a proxy for effective pollen dispersal has been used in studies on A. tuberculatus pollen dispersal (Liu et al., 2012; Sarangi et al., 2017).
Paternity assignment –
Molecular techniques used for paternity assignment followed Butcher et al. (2020), except that A. tuberculatus hypocotyl and cotyledon tissue was incubated with AP1 buffer and RNase A (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) for 2 hrs after disruption. In brief, we extracted DNA from maternal and paternal leaf tissue, as well as from seeds produced during the experiment. We then performed PCR of two markers for A. tuberculatus: an external transcribed spacer region marker (ETS) and a putative DEAD box ATP-dependent RNA helicase gene marker (PutDead). We also performed PCR of two markers for S. lycopersicum: a spotted wilt virus disease resistance gene marker (Sw-5) and a Fusarium wilt race 3 virus resistance gene marker (I-3). For A. tuberculatus, PCR products were Sanger sequenced by Genewiz, Inc (South Plainfield, New Jersey, USA) or Macrogen, Inc (Rockville, Maryland, USA). S. lycopersicum resistant and susceptible alleles could be differentiated based on allele size by running the PCR product on a 3% agarose gel, thus determining paternity without the need for Sanger sequencing.
For the A. tuberculatus pollen receptors that produced at least one seed but fewer than 20 seeds (Rose Hill – 1 pollen receptor, Calder – 9 pollen receptors, Queens Zoo – 2 pollen receptors, Javits – 1 pollen receptor), we genotyped all of the seeds that germinated. For pollen receptors that produced more than 20 seeds, we randomly selected 20 seeds to genotype. Seeds were germinated on damp filter paper at 37C, and DNA was extracted from about 4 cm of hypocotyl and cotyledon tissue. Paternity could then be assigned using simple exclusion to confirm that pollen dispersed from the pollen donor group and not a local pollen donor (similar to Ellstrand, 1984). This process involved subtracting the known maternal genotype from the seed genotype, then comparing the seed’s paternal genotype to the pollen donor group genotype(s). If this genotype matched one of the pollen donor genotypes, we concluded that the pollen donor was from the pollen donor group.
For the S. lycopersicum pollen receptors, we genotyped two randomly chosen seeds from each fruit produced by the receptors at the two distances furthest from the donor group, and two randomly chosen seeds from two randomly chosen fruits produced by pollen receptors at two additional distances chosen at random. All plants in the arrays carried the two resistant alleles, while plants in local populations should carry only the susceptible alleles (R. Gardner, North Carolina State University, pers. comm.). As a result, we could identify S. lycopersicum seeds fertilized by a local pollen donor, as these seeds would exhibit both the resistant and susceptible alleles in the PCR product. We genotyped more than one seed per fruit because, although multiple paternity within a single fruit has not been observed in Solanum, it has been observed in other species (e.g. Ipomopsis aggregata – Campbell, 1998; Silene latifolia – Teixeira and Bernasconi, 2007). For both sites where we found evidence of fertilization by a local pollen donor, we also assigned paternity to two randomly chosen seeds from two randomly chosen fruits from every pollen receptor at that site to assess the degree of pollen dispersal from local pollen donors. All tested seeds were germinated and grown in the greenhouse in 10-cm diameter (volume: 0.57 L) pots with Sungro Sunshine Soil-mix 4 and bottom watered twice per week with well water until the appearance of the first true leaf, which was harvested for DNA extraction.
Of these 803 seeds genotyped for the A. tuberculatus paternity assignment, we were unable to produce readable sequences at the ETS marker for 63 seeds (Rose Hill – 43 seeds, Calder – 2 seeds, Queens Zoo – 9 seeds, Javits – 9 seeds) and at the PutDead marker for five seeds (three from Javits, one from Rose Hill, and one from Calder). Therefore, we cloned a subset of these samples to obtain readable sequences. First, we purified PCR products using a QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). We then ligated the purified products (i.e. insert) into a pGEM-T vector and transformed the vector containing the insert into JM109 cells using a pGEM®-T Easy Vector II Kit (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, USA). An insert disrupts the lacZ α-peptide coding sequence in the vector, so no functional -galactosidase is produced; therefore, insert presence was determined by the appearance of white colonies in blue/white bacterial colony screening. Several white colonies per sample (minimum: 7, maximum: 18) were sequenced by Genewiz, Inc (South Plainfield, New Jersey, USA). All cloned samples matched an expected parent genotype. Consequently, all 68 seeds that initially produced unreadable sequences were included in statistical analyses.
Statistical analyses –
Statistical analyses to test our first hypothesis were performed using SYSTAT version 13 (Systat Software, San Jose, California, USA), while the analyses related to our second hypothesis were conducted using the lm function in R version 3.6.1 (R Core Team 2019). All results were compared to an alpha value of 0.05. Previous research suggests the relationship between A. tuberculatus pollen dispersal and distance follows an exponential decay pattern (Liu et al., 2012; Sarangi et al., 2017), and this pattern also has been observed in other wind-pollinated herbaceous species (Walsh et al., 2015; Dong et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2018). Although pollen dispersal has not been examined in S. lycopersicum, Beckie and Hall (2008) observed that studies modeling the effect of distance from the pollen donor on pollen dispersal in crop plants (e.g. maize, wheat) generally fit exponential decay or inverse power curves to the relationship. Therefore, assuming an exponential decay relationship, we log-transformed the number of seeds or fruits produced per plant and distance prior to performing the analyses (Motulsky and Ransnas, 1987; Kutner et al., 2004). By linearizing these data, we were able to use simple linear regression to test our first hypothesis and ANCOVA to test our second hypothesis (Barbour et al., 2005). Residual plots were checked for normality and homogeneity of variances. Log-transformation of the data improved normality and homogeneity of variances, compared to raw data. After log-transformation of the data, the A. tuberculatus analyses met the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances at all sites. However, the S. lycopersicum regression and ANCOVA analyses did not meet the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances for the Rose Hill, Queens Zoo, and Javits sites, so the results from these sites should be interpreted with caution.
To test our first hypothesis, that effective pollen dispersal decreased with increasing distance for a given species at a given site we ran linear regression analyses between number of seeds (A. tuberculatus) or fruits (S. lycopersicum) produced, which served as proxies of effective number of flowers pollinated, and effective pollen dispersal distance. These regressions were performed for each species at each site, as our first hypothesis addresses the relationship between pollen dispersal and distance to the pollen donor for individual species at individual sites.
To test our second hypothesis, that the effect of distance on effective pollen dispersal differed among sites, we used ANCOVA to compare the regression relationships among sites. Specifically, for each species, we used the ANCOVA interaction term (i.e. site*distance) to test whether the slopes differed among sites. If the slopes were not different at = 0.05, we ran an ANCOVA without the site*distance term to test whether dispersal at a given distance differed among sites (Kutner et al., 2004). In addition, because the degree of urbanization differed among sites, we ran a posteriori analyses that included two common measures of urbanization, % green space and % impervious surfaces, to assess the potential roles of these factors in observed differences among sites. Like the analyses for our hypotheses, these a posteriori ANCOVA analyses were also run using log-transformed data. Additionally, because the % green space and % impervious surface variables were correlated, and to avoid overfitting the models, we ran ANCOVAs including distance, site, and either % green space or % impervious surface
Chelsea Quaters
No full textA soldier who has seen hardship settles in Chelsea Quartershttps://egrove.olemiss.edu/kgbsides_uk/2250/thumbnail.jp
A TALE OF TWO CITIES: DIET, HEALTH AND MIGRATION IN POST-MEDIEVAL COVENTRY AND CHELSEA THROUGH BIOGRAPHICAL RECONSTRUCTION, OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY AND ISOTOPE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
No full textBiogeochemical research has over the past four-and-a-half decades improved our understanding of human interaction with past environments. The application of different isotope systems has allowed archaeologists to interpret ancient diet, migration and pollution. Although well established in archaeology, biogeochemical interpretations are burdened with questions not only as to the methodology employed but also whether the data presents a consistent picture of past human activity. The use of biographically identifiable individuals offers a means by which the isotope systems may be tested against extent documentary evidence. A sample of forty-five individuals, almost half of which were named individuals, were obtained from the sites of Holy Trinity (Coventry) and St. Luke's (Old Street, Chelsea) and the stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, strontium and lead analysed. The biographies ofthe named individuals were reconstructed through analysis ofextant historical documentation and' used to provide a framework of interpretation for the biogeochemical teclmiques applied. Comparisons are made between the two sites in relation to the biogeochemical techniques employed, biographical reconstruction and osteoarchaeological evidence for disease, migration and diet to address methodological issues and broader questions on 'i,ndustrialisation' during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The osteoarchaeological evidence suggests separation of the two groups into discrete' populations, one that is characterised by occupationally-derived osteoarthropathies (Coventry), and the second, Chelsea, which has an absence of these pathologies. This supports the historical character of the t\VO cities: Coventry as an industrial city in contrast to Chelsea, a 'village of palaces' or pleasure resort. Biogeochemically, carbon and nitrogen isotopes revealed a picture of status-based access to protein resources in a diet that is particularly dominated by freshwater fish, terrestrial omnivores such as pig, or a combination of the two. There is, however, little evidence for a difference in access to such resources between the sexes. Likewise, strontium and oxygen isotopes are capable of differentiating between the two populations and therefore in identifying local and migrant individuals, though limitations in the sample prevent the full utilisation of this data. In one case (Milborough Maxwell) the isotopic techniques \vere able to reveal trans-Atlantic migration between England and the Caribbean. Analysis of lead isotopes of the two populations indicates that while there is little to differentiate the two sites, heavy metal exposure is greater for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries than for previous periods.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
These People Deprived of This Country : Language and the Politics of Belonging among Indians of Nepali Descent
No full textThis dissertation explores the way 'language,‘ like other forms of social designations—e.g. race, ethnicity, or caste—gains meaning through social, legal, and linguistic practices and ideologies. Indians of Nepali descent have lived and worked in the Darjeeling hills for more than 150 years yet are, throughout India, often labeled as 'foreigners,‘ 'tribals,‘ and 'squatters.‘ They also speak Nepali, a major factor that contributes to such perceptions despite their Indian citizenship. To counteract these labels and those discriminatory policies and practices they have incited, the Indian Nepali community in Darjeeling founded an organization in 1972 whose goal was the constitutional recognition of Nepali a national language of India. This recognition would, they argued, lead to an acceptance of their language and, more importantly, the recognition of their Indian citizenship. Although the Nepali language was finally included in the constitution in 1992, the anticipated social, political, and legal acceptance of the community was not forthcoming. Continuing discrimination, along with economic and political shifts in the region, has led to significant changes in the linguistic practices and language ideologies among Indians of Nepali descent in Darjeeling—most notably the increasing, and conflicted, use of English that was only visible when both ethnographic and linguistic methods (matched-guise test) were utilized.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Chelsea L. Boot
New Career for Chelsea
No full textA black and white photograph of the Morocko band has been included.The first and second article makes mention of artists such as Fool Marx, Assie O'Donnell, George Lowell and David Marks when referring to a blues performance hosted at the Le Chaim Club. The last two articles reflect on the contract between Morocko who had been signed by Trutone. The author also mentions that the band would be performing at the Chelsea which had recently opened again as a warehouse of technical possibilities
An examination of quality of life in women with compulsive hair pulling
No full textThe present study explored how trichotillomania (TTM) impacts women’s lives in a systematic and detailed manner, by allowing participants to elaborate on the idiosyncratic ways in which hair pulling affects them across multiple domains. Fourteen adult women with a mean age of 22.9 (SD = 4.8) having met criteria for problematic hair pulling behaviors accompanied by subjective distress and/or impairment, completed an online series of self-report questionnaires measuring symptoms related to: quality of life (QOL), anxiety, depression and TTM. Eight of these women subsequently completed a follow-up telephone interview to gather qualitative information regarding the impact of hair pulling on their lives. Severity of symptoms on all measures did not significantly differ for women who completed the interviews compared to those who did not. Quantitative results indicated that TTM did not relate to anxiety, depression or QOL using typical self-report measures even though QOL did have an inverse relationship with anxiety and depression. Using grounded theory, six conceptual categories emerged from qualitative analysis of the data as related to women’s QOL: Shame and Secrecy, Appearance, Relationships and Trust, Perceived Benefits, and Acceptance. Each of these categories was further broken down into subcategories to facilitate discussion. The results of the present study suggest that hair pulling has positive, negative and neutral ramifications on women’s lives not typically captured by standard inventories measuring QOL. The effects of hair pulling identified in the study have implications on both research and practice.Psy. D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Chelsea Hetrick Hersperge
Should I take an antibiotic
No full textMedical and dietetic students often co-author a column for the Daily Reflector under Dr. Kolasa's byline. The food and nutrition column has run weekly since 1987Newspaper column prepared by Chelsea Viscardi under supervision of Kathryn Kolas
The Unwanted Horse
No full textFunding the Teaching and Research Mares at the Rutgers University Equine Science Center.Fall 2012Accompanied by video fil
Assessment of clinical deterioration in children with dark-coloured skin: A scoping review protocol
No full textThe aim of the scoping review will be to explore available information on the assessment of clinical deterioration in children with dark-coloured skin and to identify research deficits. The protocol outlines the rationale, aims and objectives, methods and inclusion criteria, and a discussion of potential limitations of the review. This protocol and the resulting scoping review will form part of a multi-method project by the lead author, Chelsea Kelly, as part of a Doctor of Philosophy at Curtin University, Western Australia. The co-authors are experienced academics and clinicians who are providing supervision
Assessment of clinical deterioration in children with dark-coloured skin: A scoping review protocol
No full textThe aim of the scoping review will be to explore available information on the assessment of clinical deterioration in children with dark-coloured skin and to identify research deficits. The protocol outlines the rationale, aims and objectives, methods and inclusion criteria, and a discussion of potential limitations of the review. This protocol and the resulting scoping review will form part of a multi-method project by the lead author, Chelsea Kelly, as part of a Doctor of Philosophy at Curtin University, Western Australia. The co-authors are experienced academics and clinicians who are providing supervision
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