1,720,955 research outputs found
Balancing comfort expectations and greenhouse gas emissions : Thermal comfort in office buildings in a changing climate
Get PDFEntsprechend des ‘Fourth Assessment Report’ des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), bietet der Gebäudesektor das größte Potential für Einsparungen von
Treibhausgasemissionen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Potential zur Verminderung des CO2 Ausstoßes in natürlich belüfteten und saisonal klimatisierten Bürogebäuden.
Schwerpunkt ist die Spannweite des Einflusses von Gebäudedesign und Nutzern auf Treibhausgas Emissionen sowie thermischen und visuellen Komfort.
Die Bewertung des thermischen Komforts erfolgt anhand des adaptiven thermischen Komfortmodells nach EN 15251, die des visuellen Komforts basiert auf Tageslichtautonomie
und Ausblick. Für das Klima in Athen, Griechenland, wurden parametrische Studien mit der Gebäudesimulationssoftware Energyplus durchgeführt. Die entsprechenden Eingabedaten
basieren auf einer Literaturrecherche sowie auf Ergebnissen einer Feldstudie unter Büronutzern und Architekten in Athen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Einfluß der Gebäudenutzer auf Treibhausgasemissionen größer ist als der Einfluß des Gebäudedesigns. Energiesparende Bürogeräte, sowie aktive Steuerung von Verschattung und Kunstlicht durch Nutzer sind entscheidende Parameter bezüglich der Reduktion von CO2 Emissionen. In saisonal klimatisierten Gebäuden ist auch der ‚Coefficient of performance‘(COP) des Kühlsystems ein ausschlaggebendes Kriterium. Bezüglich thermischem und visuellem Komfort ist dagegen der Einfluß des Gebäudedesigns entscheidend. Ein robustes Gebäude, das gut vor solarer Einstrahlung geschützt ist und in der Lage ist solare und interne Wärmegewinne auszubalancieren, bietet besseren Komfort und ist weniger anfällig gegenüber dem Einfluß von verschiedenen Nutzern. In saisonal klimatisierten Gebäuden ist das Gebäudedesign auch ausschlaggebend für die Größenordnung der Kühllasten. Ein warmer Sommer mit Hitzewellen kann sich erheblich negativ auf thermischen Komfort auswirken und die resultierenden Treibhausgasemissionen erhöhen. Nachhaltige Gebäude stehen solchen klimatischen Phänomenen robuster gegenüber. Das adaptive thermische Komfortmodell nach EN 15251 ist eine Methode zur Evaluierung des thermischen Komforts, gültig für alle Europäischen Klimazonen. Allerdings konnte für die in dieser Studie untersuchten Varianten im Athener Klima festgestellt werden, daß sie in der Mehrheit die Kriterien nach EN 15251 nicht erfüllen. Dies ist im Wesentlichen auf die
Komfortkategorisierung und die Definition des Überschreitungskriteriums im EN 15251 adaptiven thermischen Komfortmodell zurückzuführen.
EN 15251 enthält ein adaptives thermisches Komfortmodell für natürlich belüftete und ein statisches Modell für mechanisch belüftete Gebäude. Für saisonal klimatisierte Gebäude
wird ebenfalls das statische Modell empfohlen, aber die Literatur deutet an, daß Nutzer in diesen Gebäuden toleranter gegenüber höheren Raumtemperaturen sein könnten als in
mechanisch belüfteten Gebäuden. Die hypothetische Anwendung des adaptiven thermischen Komfortmodells auf die Kühltemperaturen in saisonal klimatisierten Gebäuden,
wie in dieser Studie untersucht, bietet Potential für Einsparungen von Treibhausgas Emissionen. Allerdings ist dieses Potential im Vergleich zur Spannweite des Einflusses von
Gebäudedesign und Nutzern eher klein. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß nicht nur nachhaltige Gebäude, sondern auch nachhaltige Nutzer erheblich zur Verringerung des Klimawandels beitragen können. Mechanismen des Immobilienmarktes sowie der Lifestyle der Gebäudenutzer sind wesentliche Einflußfaktoren in diesem Kontext. Nachhaltigkeit bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang die Suche nach der richtigen Balance zwischen Komforterwartungen der Nutzer und resultierenden Treibhausgasemissionen für ein spezifisches Gebäude, und weniger die Optimierung
einzelner Parameter unabhängig voneinander.According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the construction sector has the greatest potential for climate change
mitigation. This work investigates the potential for climate change mitigation in naturally
ventilated and mixed mode office buildings, by evaluating the range of influence of building
design and occupants on greenhouse gas emissions as well as thermal‐ and visual comfort.
Thermal comfort is evaluated according to the EN 15251 adaptive thermal comfort model,
visual comfort is based on daylight autonomy and view. Parametric studies have been
conducted based on building simulation for the climate of Athens, Greece. Input data are
based on a literature review, and on results from a field study conducted among office
occupants and architects in Athens.
The results show that the influence of occupants on greenhouse gas emissions is larger than
the influence of building design. Energy saving office equipment, as well as active use of
building controls for shading and lighting by occupants are crucial parameters regarding the
reduction of CO2 emissions. In mixed mode buildings, the coefficient of performance of the
cooling system is an important parameter as well. Regarding thermal and visual comfort, the
influence of building design is predominant. A green building, well protected against heat
from the sun and able to balance solar and internal heat gains, provides higher comfort
levels and is less affected by the influence of occupants. In mixed mode buildings, building
design is the predominant influence on the magnitude of cooling loads. A hot summer
including heat waves can significantly reduce thermal comfort and increase the resulting
greenhouse gas emissions. Green buildings are least affected by these influences.
The EN 15251 adaptive thermal comfort model provides a thermal comfort evaluation
method valid throughout Europe. However, for the Mediterranean climate of Athens,
Greece, most of the configurations investigated within this study do not meet the
requirements according to this model. EN 15251 refers to an adaptive thermal comfort
model for naturally ventilated and to a static model for mechanically ventilated buildings.
For mixed mode buildings, the static model is recommended, but literature indicates that
occupants in those buildings might be more tolerant towards higher temperatures. The
hypothetical application of the EN 15251 adaptive thermal comfort model in mixed mode
offices, as investigated in this study, shows potential for greenhouse gas emission savings.
However, this influence is small compared to that of building design and occupants.
Conclusions are drawn regarding the categorisation and exceeding criteria according to EN
15251 adaptive thermal comfort model for offices in a Mediterranean climate.
The results of this work show, that not only green buildings, but also green occupants can
significantly contribute to the mitigation of the climate change. Mechanisms of the real
estate market as well as the lifestyle of occupants are important influences in this context.
Sustainability therefore refers to finding the right balance between occupant’s comfort
expectations and resulting greenhouse gas emissions for a specific building, rather than
optimisation of single parameters
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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