901 research outputs found
The Value of children : a cross-national study. Vol. 2 Philippines
No full textFor more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/Contents: v. 1. Arnold, F., et al. Introduction and comparative analysis.--v. 2. Bulatao, R. A. Philippines.--v. 3. Arnold, F. and Fawcett, J. T. Hawaii.--v. 4. Buripakdi, C. Thailand.--v. 5. Wu, T. S. Taiwan.--v. 6. Iritani, T. Japan.--v. 7. Lee, S. J. and Kim, J.-O. Korea
Global estimates and projections of mortality by cause, 1970-2015
No full textThe authors report estimates and projections of deaths by cause for major world regions, based on data from country reports to the World Health Organization and regression models. They report mortality rates for seven major causes: infectious and parasitic diseases, neoplasms, circulatory system diseases, complications of pregnancy, certain perinatal conditions, injury and poisoning, and other causes. Some more specific causes are reported on. They give estimates for six age groups by sex for four years (1970, 1985, 2000, and 2015) and six country groups: industrial market economies, industrial nonmarket economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and Asia and the Pacific. Among their findings: The population over 45 in developing countries is projected to more than double between 1985 and 2015, rising from 17 to 24 percent of the population. Causes of death, which are closely related to age at death, must change accordingly. Infant mortality in developing countries is projected to fall from 78 per thousand in 1985 to 43 per thousand in 2015 and life expectancy at birth in developing countries is projected to rise by five years. The leading causes of death for the world as a whole for both 1970 and 1985 were infectious and parasitic diseases and circulatory system diseases - with the first more important in developing countries, and the second more important in developed countries. Certain perinatal conditions were also more important for developing countries, but accounted for only a fourth or a fifth as many deaths in 1985. Neoplasms were more important in developed than in developing countries. Deaths from infectious diseases are expected to decline as a percentage of deaths; proportionate deaths from diseases of the circulatory system are expected to rise. The greatest number of deaths will continue to be in Asia, where almost half of all deaths in the world take place. This proportion is not projected to change. Better data on causes of death are essential. The World Health Organization is working with countries to strengthen their cause-of-death information systems as an essential support for health monitoring.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Indicators,Early Child and Children's Health,Adolescent Health,Demographics
Latin America and the Caribbean region population projections : 1990-91
No full textThis paper provides population projections for each country, economy, or territory in one World Bank region, as well as for nonborrower countries in the same geographic area. The Latin American and the Caribbean region is demographically at an intermediate stage. Fertility has declined to between 3 and 4 children per woman in all subregions as contraceptive use has continued to broaden. Life expectancy has risen to between 65 and 69, or about 10 years below countries with the most favorable mortality conditions. Some countries in the region have advanced to replacement level fertility; a few others are just starting the fertility transition. The projections show all countries in the region completing the transition by 2030 - the earliest of all regions. In this 1990-91 edition, projects are provided in a new format to permit the inclusion of data on recent demographic trends. Projection methods have changed only marginally since the previous edition. Essentially, recent country-specific data about levels and trends in fertility, mortality, and international migration are applied to available age-sex distributions in order to obtain short-run projections. Long-run projections, up to 2150, are also made under the assumptions that fertility and mortality eventually become stable and net international migration declines to zero.Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Country Population Profiles
The Wine Attributes with the Greatest Influence in the Process of Consumer Choice in Spain
No full textThe commercialisation of wine in Spain is problematic due to two concrete circumstances: the decrease in wine consumption because of a consumer shift toward substitute drinks and the greater presence of national and foreign wine in the interior market, which involves an increase in business competitiveness. The increase in competitiveness of quality Spanish wine depends on producing enterprises’ knowledge of wine consumer preferences so they can offer consumers what they demand. In order to respond to this matter and better adapt supply, 421 wine consumers were surveyed using the Best-Worst Scaling methodology. Various segmentations were also made by consumer income and age groups. The results indicate that the two main attributes which condition consumers in choosing wine are the region of origin and having tasted it previously. The region of origin attribute is valued in general by consumers over 34 years old who have a monthly family income above 1,500 €. The attribute of having tasted it before, which on many occasions is associated with the price attribute, is valued particularly by younger consumers and those with lower incomes.Consumer behaviour, Wine attributes, Food Marketing, Consumer/Household Economics,
Asia region population projections : 1990-91 edition
No full textAlmost half the worlds population lives in Asia. This proportion is expected to decline to 40 percent by the end of the next century, mainly because of slowing growth in China. Other countries will continue to grow rapidly, and India, which adds more people every year than any other country, is project to surpass China in total population. Recent contraceptive prevalence surveys in several countries in the region show increasing proportions of couples using birth control. Fertility in these countries, mostly in Southeast Asia, has consequently declined rapidly. Population growth rates started to drop in many countries in the region in the past decade, but the momentum built in to the age structures of the populations will ensure continued population growth for many decades. Other countries in the region are lagging in fertility decline, and their populations will continue to grow at high rates. Infant and child mortality are the lowest in countries where fertility has declined.Earth Sciences&GIS,Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,
How corporate governance and globalization can run afoul of the law and good practices in business: The Enron's disgraceful affair.
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to set out the Enron’s demise into the perspective of Corporate and Global Governance. To accomplish this target, the incremental cash flow model is expanded to give room for governance issues, while a functional introduction to information sets is developed, including bounded rationality, asymmetric information, opportunistic behavior, transaction costs and agency problems. Then, corporate governance is linked to globalization by means of some recent approaches that go beyond a narrow economic mindset to encompass a far-reaching dynamics. Taking advantage of such background, the Enron’s story is tracked down over a span of fifteen years since its starting day to its bankruptcy filing. Leading events are explained from corporate and global governance viewpoints, while an in-depth analysis is worked out on Enron’s complex game of deception and breach of contracts: the outrageous affiliated limited partnerships, the lavish pay package to its executives, the involvement with global governance through the Indian affair and the Taliban connection. It is for the incremental cash flow model to explain malfeasance with cash flows from assets, and how cash flows to creditors were actually contrived. Furthermore, to highlight how cash flows were swindled from stockholders and, finally, how Enron made wheeling and dealing with cash flows on behalf of its managers.corporate governance, global governance, incremental cash flow model, globalization, information sets, good practices.
Projecting the demographic impact of AIDS
No full textA simple model that simulates the spread of AIDS is used to generate estimates of deaths from AIDS, which are incorporated into population projections covering 20 years. Preliminary results for one country are shown - not firm estimates, as the model has several arbitrarily set parameters. The results suggest that the number of infectionsand deaths could be extremely large, even if transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is substantially reduced. In five years, deaths in a single country will be in the tens of thousands, and after 20 years could be hundreds of thousands and still rising. Nevertheless, the impact on population size appears small. The authors discuss why these results should not be entirely trusted, and what work remains to be done. Where HIV is relatively widespread, changes in sexual behavior, particulary increases in condom use, are essential to reduce the scale of the epidemic. Earlier changes are more effective than later changes. But across countries with different levels of prevalence and sexual activity, changes in sexual behavior produce similar effects.Health Indicators,,HIV AIDS,Adolescent Health,Health Monitoring&Evaluation
Is the discount on the secondary market a case for LDC debt relief?
No full textIn 1988, the prices on the secondary market of LDC debt averaged 50 cents per dollar of face value. From the observation of such discount, this paper goes one step further and argues thatthe debt should be written down in order to account for the discrepancy between the face and market value of the debt. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 spells out the model, section 2 calculates the socially efficient and the post-default growth rates of the economy. Section 3 shows that the lenders, if they were to monitor the investment and the consumption strategy of the borrower, would choose a lower investment strategy than the socially efficient one. Section 4 shows how an optimum rescheduling can achieve the equilibrium described in section 3. Section 5 shows the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal strategy spelled out in section 4, and shows the link with the"debt overhang"literature. Section 6 investigates the empirical relevance of the"debt overhang".Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Strategic Debt Management,Financial Intermediation
El funcionalismo de rodolfo lenz
No full textSummary
This paper deals with the contributions to Hispanic Linguistics by the German-Chilean linguist Rodolfo Lenz (1863–1935), some of whose proposals – often attributed to other scholars – may be seen as an alternative to the ideas of the prestigious Andrés Bello (1781–1865). The paper first reviews those aspects of his work which anticipate some of the basic tenets of Functional Grammar, such as the notion of ‘transposition’ (function shifting), his views on sentential structure, and his treatment of passives as attributive constructions. The paper also explores Lenz’s contributions to Indo-European linguistics and his theoretical affinities with, if not anticipations of, the work of other well-known linguists like Búhler, Tesnière, Hjelmslev, and Benveniste. In sum, the author seeks to vindicate Rodolfo Lenz and his insightful views in both general linguistic theory and Spanish grammar.</jats:p
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