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Aspects of the energetics and renal physiology of some African arid-adapted rodents
No full textBibliography: leaves 358-363.The following aspects of physiological adaptation and resource usage were examined in several species of arid-adapted African rodents: The effect of temperature on thermoregulation, metabolism, evaporative water loss and thermal conductance was studied in the North East African pigmy gerbil, gerbillus ppusillus; This gerbil did not strictly maintain homoeothermy and like most arid-adapted rodents had a reduced basal metabolic rate. When G. pusillus was maintained on an ad lib. food and water diet, its daily energy expenditure was similar to that predicted by mass. This increased to 116% of the expected allometric value when deprived of water. On a diet of air-dried millet seeds, increased kidney concentrating ability, reduced pulmocutaneous evaporation and a reduction in faecal water loss, were sufficient to impart virtual independence of exogenous water and the maintenance of a positive water balance. If food was restricted, G. pusillus utilized torpor to precisely balance energy expenditure with that available and so maintained a constant body mass. During torpor, assimilation efficiency was significantly reduced. The cost of maintaining coenothermia for the full duration of food processing would be prohibitive and it was estimated that it would have utilised approximately 50% of the daily energy available. The cost of employing torpor (0.5kJ.day-1) on the other hand was insignificant in comparison with the savings accrued by the use of torpor (32.25kJ. day -1). Parsimony of water loss with food restriction enabled the maintenance of a positive water balance during this period. The importance of micro-habitat in thermoregulation was investigated in Gerbillurus paeba, inhabiting the thermally stable confines of a plugged burrow, and in Aethomys namaquensis, a crevice dwelling rock rat. The rock rat, living in an environment characterized by large diet ranges, precisely controlled body temperature. It did this by compensating for its reduced basal metabolic rate, with a low rate of thermal conductance. Gerbillurus paeba tolerated a labile body temperature and used a high rate of thermal conductance to remove metabolic heat, for the high humidities it encountered in its milieu would impede the use of evaporative cooling. Daily energy expenditure of both Namib rodents. Was monitored when they were maintained on a low fibre food source (golden millet) and then when this was replaced with a high fibre food source (high-bulk bran). Aethomys namaquensis showed a DEE similar to that predicted by mass and this remained constant, irrespective of the food source or the presence or absence of water. The DEE of G. paeba was more variable. When water was freely available DEE was higher than that predicted by mass and was similar to that predicted for an insectivore of similar body mass. This might reflect its propensity towards an insectivorous diet. When water-stressed on a high fibre diet, DEE of G. paeba declined by half, suggesting that G. paeba employed torpor when conditions were stressful and when the quality of resources was reduced. On a low fibre diet, both species were able to maintain a positive water balance when deprived of water, showing similar reductions in water loss to that of G. pusillus. Low assimilation efficiency and the concomitant increase in faecal water loss precluded the maintenance of a positive water balance when they were fed a high fibre food source. Despite increased urine concentrations and reduced evaporative water loss both species succumbed to chronic water-deprivation. Daily water turnovers and urine concentrating ability was monitored in 17 species of African rodents from arid areas. In general, rodents belonging to the Cricetidae exhibited lower water turnovers and voided smaller volumes of urine at significantly greater concentrations than the murids. All these cricetid rodents were found to produce a crystalline precipitate of allantoin in their urine when water stressed. The quantities of crystalline allantoin excreted were far greater than that expected from purine catabolism and accounted for 30% of the total nitrogenous wastes of the cricetids when deprived of water. It was thought that the substantial quantities of allantoin excreted were responsible for the lower water turnover rates in the cricetids. It is suggested, therefore, when water is limiting, there is a shift in the nitrogen pathway from urea to allantoin, so conferring an eco-physiological advantage to these long term residents of the arid regions of Africa
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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