4,533 research outputs found
Institutionelle Gestaltung von Sportmärkten: ausgewählte ökonometrische Studien
No full textDiese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der institutionellen Gestaltung professioneller Sportligen. Dabei werden zur Analyse der professionellen Sportligen typische Phänomene untersucht, institutionelle Aspekte des Wettbewerbs fokussiert und wettbewerbspolitische Implikationen abgeleitet. Dazu werden in diesem Rahmenwerk die Erkenntnisse aus den Beiträgen (Budzinski & Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2020; Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2021; Budzinski, Feddersen & Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2022; Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, Gaenssle & Budzinski, 2023; Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2023) zusammengefasst und aufbereitet. Zuerst werden in der Arbeit die ökonomischen Besonderheiten des Angebots in Sportmärkten dargestellt. Anschließend erfolgt eine detaillierte Zusammenfassung der ökonomischen Determinanten der Nachfrage nach Sport. Hierzu werden die folgenden Elemente des Wettbewerbs fokussiert: Competitive Balance, Uncertainty of Outcome, Superstars, Lokalhelden, Wahlverhalten und Heimatmarktgröße. Die Arbeit zieht Schlüsse über die Rolle der genannten Elemente in der Nachfrage und insb. ihrem Zusammenspiel mit der institutionellen Gestaltung sportlicher Wettbewerbe. Hierzu werden Gesichtspunkte der Fan-Wohlfahrt sowie der Wettbewerbsfreiheit betrachtet.This dissertation deals with the institutional design of professional sports leagues. In doing so, typical phenomena are examined to analyze professional sports leagues. It focuses on institutional aspects of competition, and their implications for competition policy. To this end, this framework summarizes and elaborates the findings from the papers (Budzinski & Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2020; Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2021; Budzinski, Feddersen & Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2022; Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, Gaenssle & Budzinski, 2023; Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, 2023). First, the paper presents the special economic characteristics of supply in sports markets. This is followed by a detailed summary of the economic determinants of demand for sports. For this purpose, the following elements of competition are examined in detail: Competitive Balance, Uncertainty of Outcome, Superstars, Local Heroes, Voting Behavior and Home Market Size. The dissertation draws conclusions about the role of the above elements in demand, and in particular their interaction with the institutional design of sports competitions. For this purpose, aspects of fan welfare as well as competitive freedom are considered
Competing Ways Towards International Antitrust: the WTO versus the ICN
No full textIn times of globalization, trade liberalization and deregulation of specific industries, competition authorities face new challenges in order to protect national as well as international competition. With companies operating in various countries, fading market frontiers and increasing crossborder trade, new strategies must be developed in order to overcome threats to domestic markets resulting of anticompetitive behavior abroad. Even though solutions such as the “Effects Doctrine” or bilateral agreements allow – albeit imperfectly – countries to protect their domestic market, there are no laws safeguarding the global economy and international competition. Thus, the request arises to establish an international competition policy regime in order to harmonize countries’ competition laws, to reduce conflicts due to cross-border anti-competitive behavior and to support developing countries in reaching Western standards. Among several approaches, two are of significant interest: On the one hand, the World Trade Organization (WTO) could be enhanced by a board of supervision for international competition issues including a harmonized competition code for all, while on the other hand the International Competition Network (ICN) has been established to take care of global competition concerns through policy coordination [Graham 2003; Janow 2003; Budzinski 2004b]. This paper discusses whether the institutional WTO or the voluntary ICN approach represents the better path to an international competition policy regime to control private anticompetitive activities. The second part will explain the importance of an international competition policy. Subsequently, unilateral, bilateral and multilateral approaches to the prevention and solution of problems in global competition are introduced. Section 3.1 gives a short overview of the WTO’s characteristics, its structural organization and its plans to integrate an international competition policy. The organization and the framework of the ICN as well as its attempts to prevent international anticompetitive behavior is explored in section 3.2. Based on the statements made in section 2 and the facts presented in section 3, the fourth section compares the WTO approach with the ICN qualities. The discussion will be divided into the following six criteria: (i) feasibility, (ii) acceptability, (iii) efficiency, (iv) negotiation and implementation of international competition rules, (v) conflict resolution and (vi) adaptability. Conclusions follow in section 5.
Audiovisuelles und interaktives Entertainment im digitalen Zeitalter - eine ökonomische Perspektive
No full textDiese Dissertation befasst sich mit audiovisuellen und interaktiven Medien. Im Verlauf dieses Beitrags, der das Rahmenpapier der kumulativen Dissertation verschiedener Forschungsbeiträge darstellt, werden zwei Teilbereiche betrachtet. Kapitel 2 erarbeitet Inhalte des Marktes für audiovisuelle Medien und Film, während in Kapitel 3 der Fokus auf Social Media und deren Künstlern liegt. Im zweiten Kapitel wird eine Übersicht zu den Besonderheiten audiovisueller Märkte und deren Veränderung im digitalen Zeitalter mit Fokus auf Wettbewerb und Anbieterseite erarbeitet. Dabei werden die Erkenntnisse der Beiträge (Budzinski, Gaenssle & Lindstädt-Dreusicke, 2021b, 2021a; Gaenssle, Budzinski & Astakhova, 2018; Gaenssle, 2021b) eingebunden, verknüpft und weiterentwickelt. Dies stellt nicht nur eine Zusammenfassung der Beiträge, sondern eine Metaebene dar. Folgende Leitfragen führen durch den Abschnitt: Welche Besonderheiten weisen audiovisuelle Medienmärkte auf? Wie hat sich die Marktstruktur und der Wettbewerb im digitalen Zeitalter verändert? In Kapitel 3 wird der Fokus auf interaktive Medien und insbesondere auf Content-Anbieter im Social Media Markt gelegt. Hier fließen Erkenntnisse der Beiträge (Budzinski & Gaenssle, 2020; Gaenssle, 2021a; Gaenssle & Budzinski, 2021), inklusive einer Reflektion zu Forschung über Superstars ein. Es stellt eine Theorie- und Methodenübersicht sowohl der eigenen empirischen Papiere (Budzinski & Gaenssle, 2020; Gaenssle, 2021a), als auch anderer Beiträge zu Superstars aus der ökonomischen Perspektive dar. Die Leitfragen lauten: Wie werden Superstars ökonomisch untersucht? Was hat sich dabei im digitalen Zeitalter v.a. hinsichtlich interaktiver Medien wie Social Media verändert? In Kapitel 4 wird ein Fazit gezogen und die Erkenntnisse zu den Leitfragen zusammengeführt. Es wird ein Forschungsüberblick und Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung gegeben.This dissertation deals with audio-visual and interactive media. In this paper, which is the framework paper of a cumulative dissertation, two fields of research are analysed. Section 2 elaborates contents of the market for audio-visual media and film, while section 3 focuses on social media and its artists. The second section gives an overview of the characteristics of audio-visual markets and changes of digitisation. Following papers are integrated in this section: (Budzinski, Gaenssle & Lindstädt-Dreusicke, 2021b, 2021a; Gaenssle, Budzinski & Astakhova, 2018; Gaenssle, 2021b). It represents not only a summary of the contributions, but a meta-study. The following questions lead through the section: What are the specific features of audio-visual media markets? How has the market structure and competition changed in the digital age? Section 3 focuses on interactive media and especially on content providers in the social media market. It completes insights from the contributions (Budzinski & Gaenssle, 2020; Gaenssle, 2021a; Gaenssle & Budzinski, 2021), including a reflection on research on superstars. It presents a theory and method review of both the author’s own empirical papers (Budzinski & Gaenssle, 2020; Gaenssle, 2021a) and other contributions on superstars from an economic perspective. Two main questions lead through the section: How are superstars studied from an economic perspective? What has changed in the digital age, especially with regard to interactive media such as social media? Section 4 concludes in giving a research overview and implications for future research
An international multilevel competition policy system
No full textThis paper develops a proposal for an international multilevel competition policy system, which draws on the insights of the analysis of multilevel systems of institutions. In doing so, it targets to contribute to bridge a gap in the current world economic order, i.e. the supranational governance of private international restrictions to market competition. Such a governance can effectively be designed against the background of a combination of the well-known nondiscrimination principle and a lead jurisdiction model. Put very briefly, competition policy on the global level restricts itself to the selection and appointment of appropriate lead jurisdictions for concrete cross-border antitrust cases, while the substantive treatment remains within the competence of the existing national and regional-supranational antitrust regimes. --international competition policy,multilevel systems,international governance,economics of federalism,international economic order,international antitrust
The Institutional Framework for Doing Sports Business: Principles of EU Competition Policy in Sports Markets
No full textThe competition rules and policy framework of the European Union represents an important institutional restriction for doing sports business. Driven by the courts, the 2007 overhaul of the approach and methodology has increased the scope of competition policy towards sports associations and clubs. Nowadays, virtually all activities of sports associations that govern and organize a sports discipline with business elements are subject to antitrust rules. This includes genuine sporting rules that are essential for a league, championship or tourna-ment to come into existence. Of course, ‘real’ business or commercial activities like ticket selling, marketing of broadcasting rights, etc. also have to comply with competition rules. Regulatory activities of sports associations comply with European competition rules if they pursuit a legitimate objective, its restrictive effects are inherent to that objective and proportionate to it. This new approach offers important orientation for the strategy choice of sports associations, clubs and related enterprises. Since this assessment is done following a case-by-case approach, however, neither a blacklist of anticompetitive nor a whitelist of procompetitive sporting rules can be derived. Instead, conclusions can be drawn only from the existing case decisions – but, unfortunately, this leaves many aspects open. With respect to business activities, the focus of European competition policy is on centralized marketing arrangements bundling media rights. These constitute cartels and are viewed to be anticompetitive in nature. However, they may be exempted from the cartel prohibition on efficiency and consumer benefits considerations. Here, a detailed list of conditions exists that centralized marketing arrangements must comply with in order to be legal. Although this policy seems to be well-developed at first sight, a closer look at the decision practice reveals several open problems. Other areas of the buying and selling behavior of sports associations and related enterprises are considerably less well-developed and do not provide much orientation for business. The author would like to thank Arne Feddersen and the participants of the 2nd European Conference on Sports Economics (German Sports University Co-logne, 2010) for valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper.Sports business, competition policy, sporting rules, centralized marketing, sports economics
The Institutional Framework for Doing Sports Business: Principles of EU Competition Policy in Sports Markets
No full textThe competition rules and policy framework of the European Union represents an important institutional restriction for doing sports business. Driven by the courts, the 2007 overhaul of the approach and methodology has increased the scope of competition policy towards sports associations and clubs. Nowadays, virtually all activities of sports associations that govern and organize a sports discipline with business elements are subject to antitrust rules. This includes genuine sporting rules that are essential for a league, championship or tournament to come into existence. Of course, „real? business or commercial activities like ticket selling, marketing of broadcasting rights, etc. also have to comply with competition rules. Regulatory activities of sports associations comply with European competition rules if they pursuit a legitimate objective, its restrictive effects are inherent to that objective and proportionate to it. This new approach offers important orientation for the strategy choice of sports associations, clubs and related enterprises. Since this assessment is done following a case-by-case approach, however, neither a blacklist of anticompetitive nor a whitelist of procompetitive sporting rules can be derived. Instead, conclusions can be drawn only from the existing case decisions – but, unfortunately, this leaves many aspects open. With respect to business activities, the focus of European competition policy is on centralized marketing arrangements bundling media rights. These constitute cartels and are viewed to be anticompetitive in nature. However, they may be exempted from the cartel prohibition on efficiency and consumer benefits considerations. Here, a detailed list of conditions exists that centralized marketing arrangements must comply with in order to be legal. Although this policy seems to be well-developed at first sight, a closer look at the decision practice reveals several open problems. Other areas of the buying and selling behavior of sports associations and related enterprises are considerably less well-developed and do not provide much orientation for business.sports business, competition policy, sporting rules, centralized marketing, sports economics
The British ‘Bluesman’ Paul Oliver and the Nature of Transatlantic Blues Scholarship
No full textRecent revisionist studies have argued that much of what is known about music known as the blues’ has been 'invented' by the writing of enthusiasts far removed from the African American culture that created the music. Elijah Wald and Marybeth Hamilton in particular have attempted to sift through the clouds of romanticism, and tried to unveil more empirical histories that were previously obscured by the fallacious genre distinctions conjured up during the 1960s blues revival. While this revisionist scholarship has shed light on some previously ignored historical facts, writers have tended to concentrate on the romanticism of blues writing strictly from an American perspective, failing to acknowledge the genesis and influence of transatlantic scholarship, and therefore ignoring the work of the most prolific and influential blues scholar of the twentieth century, British writer Paul Oliver. By examining the core of Oliver’s research and writing during the 1950s and 1960s, this study aims to place Oliver in his rightful place at the centre of blues historiography. His scholarship allows a more detailed appreciation of the manner in which the blues was studied, through lyrics, recordings, oral histories, photography and African American literature. These historical sources were interpreted in accordance with the author’s attitudes to the commercial popular music, which allowed the ‘reconstruction’ of an African American ‘folk’ culture in which the blues became the antithesis of pop. Importantly, this study seeks to transcend dominant discourses of national cultural ownership or ethnocentrism, and demonstrate that representations of African American music and culture were constructed within a transatlantic context. The blues is music with roots in the African American experience within the United States; however, as Paul Oliver’s writing shows, its reception and representation were not limited by the same national, cultural or racial boundaries
- …
