17,764 research outputs found
Results-based approach in agri-environmental measures under the (new) EU Common Agricultural Policy: exploring compliance issues with the World Trade Organisation
No full textAfter Sulla: study in the settlement and material culture of the Piraeus peninsula in the Roman and Late Roman period
No full textModem text-based and ancient historical accounts take the sack of Piraeus, the port of Athens in Greece, by the Romans under Sulla in 86 ВС as the terminal point of the history of the area in antiquity. Archaeological work on the town has tended so far to regard the post-Classical phases of the settlement as less interesting than those marking the 'heyday' of the port in the Classical period. This thesis explores the nature and scale of settlement in the area in the centuries spanning the town's destruction by the Romans in 86 ВС and the Late Roman period. The study is based on a re-assessment of archaeological data from old and recent rescue excavations in the modem town up to 1997. It also presents and discusses in detail the results of post-excavation work by the author on unpublished material from an extensive site excavated in the early 1980s, These results are compared to and synthesized with epigraphic and other testimonies to answer questions about the nature of settlement and the degree of social and cultural change in the area during the period in focus. The discussion focuses in particular on; 1) exploring continuity and change in the settlement patterns, demography and topography of the town, 2) the changing nature of domestic space and its organization, and 3) investigating patterns of pottery consumption and trade. These issues are examined in the context of the social, economic and cultural changes documented for the Roman imperial and Late Roman period by previous archaeological fieldwork and excavations in the region of southern Greece and the Aegean
Academic biography of Professor Roman Budzinowski
No full textBiografia naukowa Profesora Romana BudzinowskiegoBiografia scientifica del Professor Roman BudzinowskiAcademic biography of Professor Roman Budzinowsk
Czasopisma prawnorolne w Polsce. Refleksje na tle periodyków zachodnioeuropejskich
No full textThe aim of this paper is to evaluate Polish agricultural law periodicals in comparison with their Western European counterparts. In particular, the evaluation takes into account the mission of the periodicals, their thematic scope, the layout and language of the texts published, and the circle of their addressees-readers. With consideration given to the length of time that such periodicals have been on the publishing market and their publication output, the Italian context is the first to be taken into account, before attention turns to German, French, and Spanish periodicals. The author concludes that agricultural law periodicals were established at different stages in the development of this branch of law. The oldest one (Rivista di Diritto Agrario) brought the name of this new normative matter into scientific circulation, and subsequently contributed to both the separation of agricultural law in the system of law and its further development. Other periodicals (Agrar- und Umweltrecht, Revue de Droit Rural and Revista de Derecho Agrario y Alimentrario) were established in the 1970s and 1980s, with a view to strengthening the science of agriculturallaw and its influence on the practice of law-making and application. In this light, Polish agricultural law periodicals look somewhat inferior, as they are characterized by a short period of functioning on the publishing market. The future of the periodical Przegląd Prawa Rolnego (Agricultural Law Review), the only agricultural law journal in Poland, is under threat, due to the fact that authors now tend to submit articles on agricultural law to other, more highly-ranked journals.Celem rozważań jest sformułowanie oceny czasopism prawnorolnych w Polsce na tle periodyków zachodnioeuropejskich. W szczególności ocena ta ma na uwadze misję czasopisma, jego zakres tematyczny, układ treści i język publikacji oraz krąg ich adresatów-czytelników. Ze względu na okres funkcjonowania na rynku wydawniczym oraz dorobek publikacyjny w pierwszej kolejności uwzględnia się doświadczenia włoskie, a następnie niemieckie, francuskie i hiszpańskie. W konkluzji autor stwierdza między innymi, że czasopisma z zakresu prawa rolnego były zakładane na różnych etapach rozwoju tej gałęzi prawa. Najstarsze („Rivista di Diritto Agrario”) wprowadziło do obiegu naukowego nazwę nowej materii normatywnej, przyczyniło się do wyodrębnienia prawa rolnego w systemie prawa i jej dalszego rozwoju. Kolejne z nich („Agrar- und Umweltrecht”, „Revue de Droit Rural” i „Revista de Derecho Agrario y Alimentrario”) zostały utworzone w latach siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku, by wzmocnić naukę prawa rolnego i jej oddziaływanie na praktykę stanowienia i stosowania prawa. Na tym tle niezbyt dobrze wypadają czasopisma prawnorolne w Polsce, gdyż charakteryzuje je krótki okres funkcjonowania na rynku wydawniczym. Zagrożenie dla przyszłości „Przeglądu Prawa Rolnego”, jedynego obecnie w Polsce czasopisma prawnorolnego, może wynikać z kierowania przez autorów artykułów z zakresu prawa rolnego do druku do innych, wyżej punktowanych czasopism
A re-examination of the evidence for parade-grounds at auxiliary forts in Roman Britain
No full textThis Thesis examines the underlying evidence for parade-grounds at auxiliary forts in Roman Britain. Firstly by examining the evidence supporting forts with actual physical remains, such as the altars and the tribunal at Maryport and the artificially levelled area at Hardknott, and those with flagged areas which have been interpreted as parade-grounds, such as Ambleside and Gelligaer. The literary evidence of ancient authors is examined with particular reference to training and exercising and where this might have been undertaken. The occasions when a parade might have been appropriate in Roman times are examined, as is the possibility of a modem concept being superimposed on an ancient action
The concept of agricultural real estate according to the civil code (art. 55 3)
No full textThe article investigates the concept of agricultural real estate according to
Art. 553 of the Civil Code. In particular, the author poses the question to what
extent this concept corresponds with the requirements of modern agriculture.
Three issues have been analysed in detail: the legal structure of an agricultural
real estate, the basis of unity of components arranged into an agricultural
real estate and the legal qualification and functions of particular material components
of an agricultural real estate. The author concludes that the legislator
does not treat an agricultural real estate as a unit of ownership only, but
approaches this issue from the objective angle. For the time being, such an
approach may be considered sufficient. However, in the future there may appear
the neeed to pay more attention to functional aspects of an agricultural real
estate, and thus the reference to the economic category of an agricultural real
estate may prove necessary. At present, the concept of an agricultural productive
unit assumes the presence of agricultural land. This is why the Civil Code
provisions on agricultural real estates are not applicable to agricultural productive
units that do not have such land. The author postulates to amend the Code
provisions adequately.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201
Geneza prawa rolnego jako dziedziny legislacji
No full textThe paper aims at characterising the main issues related to the genesis of agricultural law as a legislative branch and present experiences of several European states (France, Italy, Spain and Germany) in that area. Against that background the origins and development of Polish agricultural law is shown.
The author formulates three basic conclusions:
Firstly, the genesis of agricultural law is linked to the growing number of agricultural law regulations present in civil law (eg. in France or Spain) and administrative law (eg. in Germany and Poland) since it was only when the combined approach of civil and administrative regulations had been put together that they led to a situation in which agricultural law could evolve as a separate branch independent of civil law on the one hand, and freed from the restrains of administrative law, on the other.
Secondly, the genesis of agricultural law is more related to the changes in civil law, i.e. to the so-called transition from common civil law to detailed regulations in the standardising of agricultural matters. The latter were implemented under the influence of the individualism of civil codes of the 19th century. The new regulation expressed a novel attitude to land as well as a special treatment of land, emphasising that it should not only be perceived as owned property, but also as a production good, the service of which is used in and agricultural activity.
Thirdly, the genesis of agricultural law is connected with the seeking of a certain balance between what is economic, and what is social. As a result of that, agricultural law regulations have been, to a large extent, protective towards those who cultivated the land.Dans son article, l\u27auteur prend en consideration des experiences des certaines pays europeens comme la France, l\u27Italie, l\u27Espagne et l\u27Allemagne. Sur ce fond il present la genese du droit rural en Pologne.
La genese du droit rural est liee avec l\u27apparition des regulations concernants l\u27agriculture dans le cadre plutot du droit civil (dans le pays avec la forte tradition romaine) ou plutot dans le cadre du droit administratif (en Allemagne ou en Pologne). Pourtant, ce n\u27est que la combinaison des reglements juridiques civils et administratifs adresses aux problemes de l\u27agriculture a conduit a la separation du droit rural du droit civil. En meme temps, cette regulation n\u27a pas permis de cloturer cette nouvelle branche du droit dans le cadre du droit administratif. Outre, la genese du droit rural correspond aux changements dans le droit civil, surtout a son passage du droit civil universel aux reglements particuliers. L’individualisme des codes civils du XIXe siecle n\u27a pas ete convenable avec une autre vision de la terre agricole selon laquelle elle n\u27est pas seulement l’objet de la propriete mais elle constitue un bien productif destine a etre exploite agricolement. A l\u27origine du droit rural il y avait la volonte de mettre en equilibre tout ce qui etait economique avec tout ce qui etait sociale. En resultat, le but des regulations du droit rural consistait a la defense des interets de ceux qui travaillaient sur la terre.Rozważania dotyczące prawa rolnego nie mogą pomijać genezy tej dziedziny legislacji. Uzasadnieniem dla tego stwierdzenia jest nie tylko ogólny pogląd o znaczeniu refleksji historycznej w badaniach prawa rolnego. Sięgnięcie do „narodzin" otwiera bowiem szersze teoretyczne perspektywy w prezentowaniu kształtowania się ustawodawstwa dotyczącego rolnictwa oraz związanych z tym procesem koncepcji doktrynalnych co do wyodrębnienia prawa rolnego w systemie prawa. Pozwala sformułować pewne prawidłowości, cechy swoiste ewolucji ustawodawstwa rolnego, ukazać wpływ różnych czynników i sam mechanizm zmian. Na tym tle łatwiejsze będzie określenie współczesnych tendencji rozwoju prawa rolnego i kierunków jego kształtowania w przyszłości
THE LEGAL STATUS OF A FARMER AS AN ENTREPRENEUR (SELECTED ASPECTS)
No full textThe article is an attempt at defining the legal status of a farmer as an entrepreneur, presented
on the background of developing legislation. Additionally, the author makes a tentative appraisal
of legal provisions regulating this status and points at the main directions of the legislative changes.
The author discusses the notion of farmer in the legal sense, then presents the category of
agricultural entrepreneur in the Italian law, and finally makes a review of relevant legislation
with a special focus on the following three crucial documents: obligation code of 1934, business
activity act of 1988, and the business activity law act of 1999.
The author concludes that it is legitimate to view a farmer as an entrepreneur in the light of
the binding legislation. He considers it to be a drawback of the existing regulations that this
conclusion must be arrived at indirectly due to the lack of a general regulation regarding the
status o f farmers. In order to strengthen the position of a farmer, the author deems it necessary to
characterise a farmer clearly as an entrepreneur, introduce the category of an agricultural entrepreneur,
and update the definition of agricultural activity
Ustrojowy czynnik rozwoju prawa rolnego
No full textThe objective of the study was to provide general assessment of the role of constitutional
provisions regulating agriculture in the shaping of agricultural law.
The author first analyses relevant provisions in selected European constitutions and
then discusses article 23 o f Poland's Constitution in more detail. Article 23 provides that
the basis o f the agricultural system o f the State is the family farm. Looking for guidelines how to construe this constitutional 'agricultural' provision, the author quotes other provisions,
and in particular the one which describes the social market economy as the basis of
the economic system. The agricultural system (as well as the agricultural market) is an
element o f a social market economy. Thus agriculture is also part o f the national economy,
which means a departure from the strictly liberal attitude to it, allowing for certain corrections,
or adjustments o f the market rules.
In conclusion the author states that the provisions o f Poland's constitution justify an
agricultural policy whose aim is to ensure that agriculture enjoys more favourable development
conditions than those secured by the available market mechanisms. Such a policy
is based on the need to take account o f the specificity o f agriculture that makes it so distinct
from other sectors o f the economy.
The actual role o f the Constitution o f the Polish Republic in the development o f agricultural
law is not significant. As the legislative experience has shown so far, while the
'corrective' function o f the 'agricultural' provision of Poland's Constitution is very clear, its
creative function is not at all pronounced. On the other hand, the recent years have proved
a growing importance o f the international, and in particular European factor, in the development
of agricultural law in Poland
Re-Thinking Ritual Traditions: Interpreting Structured Deposition in Watery Contexts in Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman Britain
No full textThis investigation seeks to define the strands of continuity and change in structured deposition across the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age to Early Roman transition in Britain, and interpret their significance in terms of cultural interaction. These interpretations not only examine and re-think structured deposition in relation to ritual traditions, but also explore how the continuity of such traditions was impacted by the transition between these two periods. Metalwork is a central focus but a wide range of other finds are also considered in order to take a holistic perspective on deposition. Watery deposits were an obvious starting point but comparisons with dry context deposits were necessary to provide a more complete understanding of these practices. The data were gathered from a number of individual sites throughout two contrasting case study zones defined by major waterways and labelled as such: the Severn-Thames Axis in the south and the Solway-Forth Axis in the north of Britain. Through the use of site reports as the main source of data, the analysis took a two-tiered approach. Individual episodes of structured deposition were examined and interpreted on a site-by-site basis. This then led to investigations on a broader scale by examining changes in the continuity of practices in the type of finds deposited, the contexts into which deposition took place and pre-deposition practices, such as deliberate breakage to determine patterns of deposition across the case study zones as a whole. With this comparative analysis it can be concluded that watery contexts were not a unique locus of structured deposition, and indeed that this practice is highly diverse across the zones studied. The tempora
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