1,720,959 research outputs found
Univeralität der menschrechte? Begründungsversuche der Universalität der Menschenrechte in ausgewählten Menschenrechtsdeklarationen
No full textSeit "9/11" wurden in vielen Staaten Grund- und Menschenrechte – ohne großen Protest
seitens der betroffenen Menschen – eingeschränkt. Vor dem Terroranschlag des 9. September
2001 haben oft eben diese Staaten darauf beharrt, daß die Menschenrechte universal, also zu
jedem Menschen gehörig und unveräußerbar, sind. War das nur Rhetorik? Womit wurde
"damals" die behauptete Universalität der Menschenrechte begründet?
Auf diese Frage wollen wir in dieser Arbeit versuchen eine Antwort zu geben. Wir haben
angeschaut, wie in Menschenrechtsdeklarationen mit dem Anspruch auf Universalität
umgegangen wird und wie versucht wird, ihn in der jeweiligen Deklaration zu begründen.
Freilich, Menschenrechtsdeklarationen sind juristische Vertragstexte. Sie hängen von
politischen Gegebenheiten ab und – obwohl der Anspruch auf Universalität von
Menschenrechten auf eine philosophische Problematik hinweist – nicht von philosophischen
Begründungen. Interessen müssen abgewogen und ausgehandelt werden. Das Ergebnis ist –
zugegeben das hat mit Philosophie wenig zu tun – ein Kompromiß. Völkerrechtliche
Vertragstexte haben zudem oft einen eigenen Mechanismus zur Legitimierung. Sie werden
ratifiziert, d.h. von den jeweiligen gesetzgebenden Organen mit, mehr oder weniger großen,
Mehrheiten angenommen. Wie kann ein Kompromiß universale (zeitliche wie regionale)
Gültigkeit haben? Aber, es gibt auch Menschenrechtserklärungen, die jenseits dieses
Begründungsproblems sind: Erklärungen mit religiöser Begründung.
Daher haben wir versucht hinter die "Kulissen" zu schauen. Wir wollten einerseits
herausfinden, ob Texte, die den Anspruch auf Universalität der Menschenrechte stellen, egal
wie sie begründet ist, tatsächlich so universal sind oder ob nicht doch bestimmte "Weltbilder"
zwischen den Zeilen zu finden sind. Dabei haben wir uns auf unsere eigene Interpretation der
Artikel verlassen. Andererseits sollten Staaten, die von der Universalität der Menschenrechte
überzeugt sind, sich entsprechend konsistent verhalten. Das hat uns veranlaßt, auch die
politische Praxis in einigen wenigen Fällen in dieser Hinsicht anzuschauen. Um der Arbeit
eine globale Dimension zu geben – Menschenrechte müßte es ja überall dort geben, wo es
Menschen gibt – haben wir nicht nur die wichtigen internationalen
Menschenrechtsdeklarationen (die Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte und die
Internationalen Pakte über bürgerliche und politische, sowie wirtschaftliche, soziale und
kulturelle Rechte) als Untersuchungsgegenstand herangezogen, sondern auch einige regionale
Deklarationen, wie die Afrikanische Charta der Rechte der Menschen und Völker, die
Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte im Islam und die Kairoer Erklärung über Menschenrechte im Islam. Das sind bei weitem nicht alle Menschenrechtserklärungen, doch
glauben wir, für den Rahmen der Arbeit eine handhabbare Auswahl getroffen zu haben
Emanzipation als Dienstleistung? Feministische Philosophie in der psychosozialen Beratung
Get PDFIch möchte im folgenden Beitrag feministische Theorie mit meiner Praxis als psychosoziale Beraterin im Verein "Frauen beraten Frauen" verbinden.
Meine Fragestellung lautet: Was kann feministische Philosophie in der psychosozialen Beratung bewirken?
Meine These: Sie kann der neoliberalen Verwertung von Beratung als "Normalisierung" und "Reparaturwerkstatt" zur noch besseren Anpassung von Frauen entgegenwirken
Entangled Subjects - Reflections on Epistemic Collectivity in Migration
No full textFrom an intersectional perspective, human subjects are entangled in multiple normative frameworks of power. Yet neither subjectivity nor humanity are static entities. This means that who counts as a "relevant" human subject, and in what sense, is under constant negotiation via manifold processes of knowledge production. These processes of negotiation render the position of some human subjects more precarious than others. As Judith Butler notes, this is especially true when it comes to gender, sexuality, and transnational movements. In this paper, my aim is to analyse these normative systems of knowledge production from a feminist epistemological perspective and search for liberating epistemic strategies. Yet what actually constitutes liberating knowledge for subjects who are variously gendered and differently situated in transnational movements? How might one establish insight into the multifaceted relatedness of human subjects in globalised economies? How might one analyse and perhaps raise consciousness of the emancipatory potential of such interrelatedness? In these times, in which patterns of local and global political, cultural, epistemic, and economic entanglement are in constant motion, the answers to the aforementioned questions are far from obvious. What are the methods and models of knowledge production upon which it is possible to rely? These questions are addressed below
Active Citizenship, Globalized Gender Relations and Human Rights
No full textThis paper discusses globalized gender relations and the meaning of citizenship and human rights in Europe. Under the promise of efficiency, a restructuring of European welfare states has taken place which concerns many aspects of life and has strong effects on social rights, especially concerning the cutting back of public care services.
At the same time, gender relations have changed in the sense that women, traditionally the main care providers for their relatives, increasingly take part in the labor market. In this context, the question about who will care for children and the elderly becomes all the more important. To look at migration in this context is interesting because it is mostly female migrants as care providers, in precarious working conditions from all over the world, who fill the gap. These migrants seem to embody globalized gender relations, this is my thesis. Similar to care providers in earlier times, they are barely mentioned, rarely have access to social benefits and are seldom granted rights as full citizens. These "cosmobile" care providers challenge traditional concepts of citizenship, this is my second thesis, on an epistemic, normative,
and empirical level in far-reaching ways
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Feministische Religionsphilosophie – ein innovatives Projekt
Get PDFFeminist Philosophy of Religion – an innovative Project
This essay seeks to launch a systematic basis for a feminist philosophy of religion. The critical thrust is explained with reference to latent sexism in a great part of the traditional philosophy of religion, with reference to Vatican documents, which are marked by perceptions and observations that have resulted in an attitude of discrimination against women. Furthermore, many theories in the field of feminist theology are flawed by argumentative deficiencies as well. These problem areas warrant a necessity to develop a new approach, which eliminates the reductionist views dominating the current debates, by means of a careful philosophical argument. The article is divided in three parts. It starts by a short exposition of the issues at stak, to explain the philosophical methodology and the concept of feminist philosophy constituting the basis of this essay. Reconstructing central differentiations of Kant's 'Critical Philosophy', it is demonstrated that Kant's most elaborate conception of the human being does provide a sound foundation for dealing with the pressing issues of our time. Thus core elements of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason are examined in light of the question, in which way a philosophical and theological discourse on God may be possible. What can feminist philosophy gain from Kant's moral philosophy as it seeks to discard unfounded or defective theories that result in discrimination against women? The third point leads through central arguments of Kant's philosophy of religion, mainly his theory of "Herzenskündiger”, and provides a survey of Kant's philosophical conception of 'church' (ethical commonwealth), contending that this sophisticated understanding is more in line with feminist concerns than some recent theories of an 'ecclesia of women'
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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