1,720,966 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Kohdunpoistoleikkaus Suomessa hyvänlaatuisen syyn vuoksi
Get PDFIn the 1990 s and up until 2002, annual numbers of hysterectomies for benign disease in Finland exceeded 10 000; only cataract surgeries and cesarean sections were more commonly performed on women. Hysterectomy is traditionally performed through laparotomy, meaning abdominal hysterectomy (AH), which currently is still the most common surgical approach for hysterectomy worldwide. In Finland, as well, a national cohort of hysterectomy for benign disease in 1996 showed AH as being the most common method, with 58%, but unlike in other nations, laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) was fairly common, and performed for as many as 24%. Current guidelines state, that vaginal hysterectomy (VH) should be performed in preference to AH when possible. When VH is not possible, LH may avoid the need for AH; but LH is associated with an increased risk for urinary tract injuries.
The aim of this study was to evaluate in a national setting the current trends of hysterectomy for benign disease, focusing on the incidence and risk factors for various complications. In addition, analysis concerns the coverage and effect of thrombosis and antibiotic prophylaxis. Prior to the national prospective FINHYST study in 2006, major complications of LH in 2000-2005 were analysed from the registers of the Patient Insurance Centre in Finland and compared to those of the previous decade. This register also served in verification of major complications involved in FINHYST, in which all 46 public hospitals where hysterectomies were performed collaborated, in addition to 7 private clinics. Detailed data were collected on intraoperative and on early- and late-onset postoperative complications. Risk factors for complications were analysed by logistic regression adjusted for confounders. In this thesis, also complications of FINHYST in 2006 were compared to the prospective national hysterectomy study in 1996, as a 10-year follow-up
Since 2002, annual numbers of hysterectomies for benign disease in Finland gradually declined, and in 2007-2010 remained stable at an average 5 750 per year. By method, VH has been the most common approach in Finland since 2002, and LH surpassed AH in 2005. Urinary tract injuries, particularly ureter injuries with LH, were reduced to 0.3% in 2000-2005, representing a nearly three-fold reduction since the 1990 s. The FINHYST study in 2006, which covered 79.4% of national hysterectomies for benign disease, comprised 1 255 AHs (24%), 1 679 LHs (32%), and 2 345 VHs (44%), with respective overall complications occurring in 19.2%, 15.4%, and 11.7%, and major complications (organ injuries, reoperations or venous thromboembolism) in 4.0%, 4.3%, and 2.6%. No deaths occurred. Most bladder and bowel injuries were detected and repaired intraoperatively (88% and 83%).
Risk factors for complications overall were adhesiolysis (OR 2.48), uterine size of 500 g or more (OR 1.44), and concomitant surgery (OR 1.28). Major complication risk factors were adhesiolysis (OR 2.41), more specifically bladder injuries associated with caesarean section (OR 4.01) and uterine size of 500 g or more (OR 2.88). Postoperative infections were associated with those overweight (OR 1.61), obese (OR 1.67), or extremely obese (OR 1.82), compared to those of normal weight. Pharmaceutical thrombosis prophylaxis (TP) was given to 64.8%. TP was associated with postoperative haemorrhage or haematoma in VH performed for prolapse (OR 4.82), and in AH (OR 2.87).
Age of 55 or over reduced the risk for complications overall (OR 0.61), and for infections (OR 0.66); operative haemorrhage decreased with age. Antibiotic prophylaxis was given to 97.5%: cefuroxime alone to 38.5%, metronidazole alone to 9.9%, and metronidazole in combination with cefuroxime to 43.0%. Overall, 54% received metronidazole, which had no significant independent risk-reducing effect, nor any interactive effect when combined with cefuroxime, for total infections in any type of hysterectomy. Cefuroxime, however, had a risk-reducing effect (OR 0.29); also for all hysterectomy methods separately. No method was independently associated with complications, except for infections, for which AH, compared to LH, led to a risk for febrile events, wound infections, and urinary tract infections. Compared to AH, in both the hysterectomy methods (LH and VH) in which the vault is closed vaginally, the risk for pelvic infection was 5-fold.
In conclusion, while numbers of hysterectomies in Finland have declined, the minimally invasive methods have overtaken AH. Such a trend promoting faster recovery from surgery has reduced complications, particularly infections. The follow-up also showed a reduction in ureter injuries in LH, and bowel injuries in VH. During the time that VH became the most common method for hysterectomy, its complications nearly halved.1990-luvulla aina vuoteen 2002 asti, kohdunpoistoja hyvänlaatuisesta syystä tehtiin vuosittain yli 10 000. Kohdunpoisto olikin kaihikirurgian ja keisarileikkauksen jälkeen yleisin naisten toimenpide. Ensimmäiset laparoskooppiset kohdunpoistot (LH) tehtiin maassamme 20 vuotta sitten, jolloin avointen kohdunpoistojen (AH) osuus oli yli 90 %. LH yleistyi nopeasti, ja vuonna 1996 kansallisessa kohorttitutkimuksessa AH:n osuus oli 58 %, LH:n 24 % ja vaginaalisten kohdunpoistojen (VH) 18 %.
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää hyvänlaatuisesta syystä tehtävien kohdunpoistojen määriä, menetelmiä, komplikaatioita sekä komplikaatioiden esiintymiseen vaikuttavia riski- ja suojatekijöitä. Valtakunnallista kalenterivuoden 2006 käsittänyttä prospektiivista FINHYST-kohorttitutkimusta edelsi retrospektiivinen Potilasvakuutuskeskuksen laparoskooppisen kohdunpoiston vakavien komplikaatioiden määrän selvitys ajalta 2000 2005. FINHYST-tutkimukseen kerättiin kohdunpoistojen tiedot kaikista 46 julkisesta sairaalasta, joissa ko. leikkauksia tehtiin; lisäksi 7 yksityissairaalasta. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin myös veritulpan ja infektion estolääkityksen toteutusta ja tuloksia. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa analysoitiin komplikaatioiden esiintymisen 10-vuotismuutos edeltäneeseen valtakunnalliseen 1996 aineistoon verraten.
Tulokset osoittavat, että hyvänlaatuisen syyn vuoksi tehtävät kohdunpoistot maassamme ovat vähentyneet. Vuoden 2002 jälkeen määrä laski tasaisesti, kunnes 2007 2010 toimenpiteitä tehtiin vuosittain enää keskimäärin 5 750. Samalla vähäinvasiiviset menetelmät syrjäyttivät perinteisen avoleikkauksen (AH). Alatieleikkaus VH ylitti AH määrän vuonna 2002, ja LH teki saman vuonna 2005. Mistään muusta maassa ei vastaavaa trendiä ole julkaistu; muissa Pohjoismaissa sekä anglosaksisissa maissa suositaan edelleen perinteistä avoleikkausta. Suomen lisäksi Saksassa ja Hollannissa VH on jo menetelmistä yleisin. Suomalainen erityispiirre onkin muualla harvinaisen LH-leikkauksen laaja-alainen hallitseminen, mikä heijastelee gynekologisen tähystyskirurgian yleisesti korkeaa tasoa maassamme. Potilasvakuutuskeskuksen tietojen perusteella LH-leikkauksen vakavat komplikaatiot vähenivät verraten 90-luvun tulokseen. Virtsajohdinvaurioita esiintyi 1992 1999 0,9 prosentilla, ja 2000 2005 enää 0,3 prosentilla. FINHYST-tutkimuksen 5 279 potilasta edustavat 79,4 % vuonna 2006 maassamme tehdyistä kohdunpoistoista hyvänlaatuisesta syystä. Kohdunpoistomenetelmät olivat AH 24 %, LH 32 %, ja VH 44 %. Komplikaatiota ilmeni AH leikkauspotilailla 19,2 prosentilla, LH:ssa 15,4 prosentilla ja VH:ssa 11,7 prosentilla, vakavia komplikaatioita (elinvaurioita, uusintaleikkauksia, tai veritulppia) vastaavasti 4,0, 4,3 ja 2,6 prosentilla. Leikkaukseen liittyviä kuolemia ei esiintynyt. Rakkovaurioista 88 % ja suolivaurioista 83 % havaittiin ja korjattiin jo kohdunpoistoleikkauksen aikana, ja uusintaleikkauksilta vältyttiin. Komplikaatioihin liittyviä riskitekijöitä olivat vatsaontelon kiinnikkeet ja 500 g tai kookkaampi kohtu. Myös vakavien komplikaatioiden osalta kiinnikkeet olivat tärkein riskitekijä. Kohdunpoiston virtsarakkovaurioiden riskitekijöitä olivat aiempi keisarileikkaus ja suuri kohtu. Ylipaino lisäsi komplikaatioiden riskiä, mm. haavatulehdusten riski oli ylipainoisilla avoleikkauksessa yli viisinkertainen normaalipainoisiin verrattuna. Veritulppia ehkäisevä lääkitys annettiin 65 % leikkauksista ja se lisäsi leikkauksen jälkeisten vuotokomplikaatioiden riskiä laskeumapotilaiden alatieleikkauksessa ja avokohdunpoistossa. Potilaan korkeampi ikä, 55 v. tai enemmän, vaikutti suojaavasti kokonais- ja infektiokomplikaatioiden esiintymiseen, minkä ajatellaan liittyvän verekkyyden eli leikkausvuodon vähenemiseen iän myötä. Antibioottisuojan sai 98 %. Kefuroksiimi antibiootilla oli tehokas itsenäinen riskiä vähentävä vaikutus. Metronidatsoli antibioottia annettiin kaiken kaikkiaan 54 %:lle potilaista, mutta se ei yksinään eikä kefuroksiimin lisänä annettuna suojannut leikkauksen jälkeisiltä tulehduksilta. Itse leikkausmenetelmien osalta komplikaatioiden esiintymisessä ei havaittu tilastollisia eroja lukuun ottamatta infektioiden alaryhmiä: LH:ssa esiintyi vähemmän leikkauksen jälkeistä kuumeilua, haavainfektioita ja virtsatietulehduksia kuin AH:ssa. Molemmissa kohdunpoistomenetelmissä, joissa emättimen haava ommellaan alateitse (LH ja VH), esiintyi leikkauksen jälkeisiä lantion verenpurkaumia tai märkäkertymiä avokohdunpoistoa enemmän.
Kohdunpoistojen ajatellaan vähentyneen hormonikierukan käytön ja kohdun tähystysten lisäännyttyä. Kohdun tähystyksessä voidaan poistaa vuotohäiriöitä aiheuttavia kasvaimia. Molemmilla menetelmillä voidaan tehokkaasti hoitaa runsaita kuukautisvuotoja. Myös vaihdevuosien jälkeisen hormonihoidon käytön väheneminen on voinut vähentää kohdunpoistoja. Kohdunpoistojen menetelmien muututtua avoleikkausta kevyemmiksi suomalaiset naiset toipuvat toimenpiteestä nopeammin. 10-vuotisseurannassa infektiokomplikaatiot vähenivät. Samalla vähenivät myös vähäinvasiivisten kohdunpoistojen elinvauriot, LH:n virtsajohdinvauriot ja VH:n suolivauriot. Suurin muutos tapahtui VH:ssa, jossa kokonaiskomplikaatiot lähes puoliintuivat kohdunpoistomenetelmän tultua yleisimmäksi.ei saavutettav
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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