1,721,002 research outputs found
Believable suspect agents: Response and interpersonal style selection for an artificial suspect
Full text linkThe social skills necessary to properly and successfully conduct a police interrogation can and need to be trained. In the thesis I will describe the steps I took towards a virtual character that can play the role of a suspect in a police interrogation training. Students of the police academy will be able to use this ‘virtual suspect’ to practise their social skills. The virtual suspect needs to behave as a human suspect would. An important first step towards this goal is an analysis of the behaviour of human suspects in a police interrogation. We investigated whether observers could agree on what interpersonal stance was taken in the DPIT corpus and whether the observers agreed on the way they perceived the various aspects of stance taking. It turned out that agreement between observers was very low on the level of individual turns of speech. However, we showed that a ‘majority vote’ of multiple observers can indeed reveal the dynamics of stance taking in the entire interview. Additionally, we found that for some of the stance types observers agreed more than for others. Next, we explored the relation between the stance taken by the suspect and the turn-taking behaviour. Stances and roles seemed to be mediating factors for the meaning of overlaps and silences in suspect interviews. We analyse the behaviour of actors and not of real suspects to investigate how a virtual suspect should behave in order to behave as a human suspect. Therefore it is important to investigate the effect of using actors. We found that some actors are better at portraying an interpersonal stance than others. Also, validity (recognizing which stance is acted) and agreement between observers did not always go hand in hand. The virtual suspect should behave as a human suspect would behave and thus it should respond to the human interrogator as a human suspect would respond. For this we need to understand why a suspect responds in the manner he or she responds. Therefore, the next step is investigating which social and psychological theories can give an explanation for the behaviour of a (human) suspect in a police interrogation. These theories were then used to create a model that can determine appropriate behaviour of the virtual suspect in response to the behaviour of the interviewer: a Response Model. The credibility of virtual humans, such as the virtual suspect, is crucial for a ‘serious game’ with which users can train their social skills. Users need to be willing to join in the role-play and the probability that they will do this is greater when the game has a compelling story and realistic virtual characters. This requires consistency within the possible behaviours of the virtual human: the virtual human should behave in a manner that is in agreement with his or her nature. The Response Model contains a number of personality settings which can describe the personality of the virtual suspect. This allows the system to play different suspects depending on what the persona of a suspect is according to the scenario of the game. The evaluation had the form of a ‘Guess who you are talking to?’ task. Participants interacted with the virtual suspect and were unaware of its personality setting. Afterwards the participants were asked to choose which of a number of personas was most similar to the personality of the suspect they had just interacted with. Participants were able to ‘Guess who they were talking to’ better than chance. Additionally, we found that personas that differed more were less likely to be confused. This means the response model was indeed able to select different behaviour for different personas and that the behaviour differed more when the personas were more different
Interpersonal Stance in Conflict Conversation: Police Interviews
Full text linkIn this work we focus on the dynamics of the conflict that often arises in a police interview between suspects and police officers. Police interviews are a special type of social encounter, primarily because of the authority role of the police interviewer and the often uncooperative stance that the suspect takes: a conflict situation. The skill to resolve or reduce the conflict, to make an uncooperative suspect more cooperative, requires training of the police officer. Leary's interactional circumplex [2] is used in police interview training as a theoretical framework to understand how suspects take stance during an interview and how this is related to the stance that the interviewer takes. The circumplex consists of two axes, power (dominance-submission) and affiliation (opposed-together) and is divided in stances. Leary predicts the dynamics between the stances of interactants which he calls “interpersonal reflexes‿. Acts on the power dimension are complementary (dominant invokes submissive and vice versa) and acts on the affiliation dimension are symmetric (together invokes together, and opposed invokes opposed). Currently, officers practice applying this theory with expensive actors that are sparsely available. Artificial conversational characters that play the role of a suspect in a police interrogation game, a game where policemen can practice applying Leary's theory, would allow for cheaper training and fewer restriction in time and location of the training. Building artificial suspects requires explicit models of strategies and tactics that policemen apply and explicit models of the relevant internal psycho-social mechanisms that underlie the behaviors of a suspect in a police interview. Therefore, we annotated (practice) police interviews on the stance the suspect (professional actors) and police officer take towards each other. Depending on the part, up to nine independent annotators labeled the stance of the speech contributions in three police interviews (using audio and video). In the interviews, one or two officers interviewed one suspect. The result was a small corpus of 50 minutes and 1300 contributions annotated on stance. First, we investigated whether different observers (annotators) agree on the type of stance that suspects and policemen take by having all annotators annotate a small part of the corpus. Labeling stance on the level of speech segments is difficult. Even when the annotators were allowed to discuss, they were often unable to come to an unanimous agreement of the stance displayed. We found that although inter-annotator agreement on stance labeling is low (Krippendorf's a = 0:24), a majority voting “meta-annotator‿ was able to reveal the important dynamics and trends in stance taking in a police interview with relative high “inter-meta-annotator" accuracy (Cohen's = 0:55) [3]. The results of the meta-annotator showed that police officers generally take a dominant-together stance. This is part of their taught strategy. According to Leary's theory this stance would make the suspect move to a submissive-together stance, resulting in a cooperative dialogue. Indeed, our meta-annotator showed that a suspect goes from a typical opposed stance at the start of the interview to a more cooperative stance later. This shows the correctness of Leary's theory in the special type of conversations, police interviews, where conflict is abundant and interactants are engaged in uncooperative dialogue. It also shows the applicability of the theory in modeling an artificial suspect. Annotations showed that the trend towards cooperation in suspects is not always visible and sometimes destroyed. This occurs when suspects felt disrespected or threatened by the interviewer, showing that Leary's theory alone is insufficient to model a police interview or a convincing artificial suspect. Other psycho-social theories (e.g. face threats [1]) should be taken into account in future models for artificial suspects and perhaps be made explicit in the police training
The Embodied Debate Corpus – Proposed corpus recordings of multi-party multi-embodiment multi-measure debates
Full text linkAffective conversational models: interpersonal stance in a police interview context
Full text linkBuilding an affective conversational model for a virtual character that can play the role of suspect in a police interview training game comes with challenges. This paper focuses on the response modeling of interpersonal stance of a believable artificial conversational partner. Based on Leary’s interpersonal stance theory a computational of model interpersonal stance is created. Other psychological theories and ideas that are proposed to be integrated into the computational stance model are: face and politeness, rapport, and status or role. Proposed evaluation methods for the model use comparison of human behavior with model predicted behavior
Social and Emotional Turn Taking for Embodied Conversational Agents
Full text linkIn this doctoral consortium paper I describe the theme of my research, the model-based generation of consistent emotional turn taking behavior in virtual human conversations and the evaluation of this behavior. My goal is to investigate and generate convincing social behavior in embodied conversational agents
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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